ArticlePediatric research2023
Antibiotic exposures and the development of pediatric autoimmune diseases: a register-based case-control study.
Article in Pediatric research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Early-life antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbe-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate alphavirus arthritis and macrophage activation in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Effect of perinatal ampicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate exposure on maternal and infant gut microbiome, metabolome, and infant responses to the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Gut microbes reports · 2026Article
- Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy or early infancy and the risk of autoimmune disease in children: A nationwide cohort study in Korea.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Fetal and Early-Life Antibiotics and Risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Nationwide Register Study.Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2024Article
- Antibiotic exposure in prenatal and early life and risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a nationwide register-based cohort study.RMD open · 2023Article
- Exposure to proton pump inhibitors is associated with the development of pediatric autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotics have been associated with several individual autoimmune diseases (ADs). This study aims to discover whether pre-diagnostic antibiotics are associated with the onset of ADs in general.
methodsFrom a cohort of 11,407 children, 242 developed ADs (type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or inflammatory bowel diseases) by a median age of 16 years. Antibiotic purchases from birth until the date of diagnosis (or respective date in the matched controls n = 708) were traced from national registers.
resultsTotal number of antibiotic purchases was not related to the onset of ADs when studied as a group. Of specific diagnoses, JIA was associated with the total number of antibiotics throughout the childhood and with broad-spectrum antibiotics before the age of 3 years. Intriguingly, recent and frequent antibiotic use (within 2 years before diagnosis and ≥3 purchases) was associated with the onset of ADs (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.08-2.74). Regardless of frequent use in childhood (40% of all antibiotics), penicillin group antibiotics were not related to any ADs.
conclusionsUse of antibiotics was relatively safe regarding the overall development of ADs. However, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used considerately as they may associate with an increased likelihood of JIA. IMPACT: Increasing numbers of antibiotic purchases before the age of 3 years or throughout childhood were not associated with the development of pediatric autoimmune diseases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were related to the development of autoimmune diseases, especially juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children, while penicillin group antibiotics were not. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in children should be cautious as they may carry along a risk for autoimmune disease development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.