ReviewActa diabetologica2022
Insulin: evolution of insulin formulations and their application in clinical practice over 100 years.
Review in Acta diabetologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Silver Jubilee (2025) of Insulin Glargine: Introducing the Era of Long-Acting Insulin Analogues for Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Strategies to overcome hepatic clearance of endogenous proteins - molecular and formulation approaches.RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients receiving insulin versus non-insulin treatment intensification.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An Overview of Currently Available Injectable Therapies in Diabetes: A Guide to Practitioners.Advances in therapy · 2025Review
- Stem cell-derived pancreatic beta cells: a step closer to functional diabetes treatment?BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Review
- The Modern Role of Basal Insulin in Advancing Therapy in People With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Time to Initiation of Omnipod DASH® vs. Tubed Insulin Pump Therapy: A Time-and-Motion Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2025Article
- Level of Satisfaction Among Patients Using Insulin Administered by Pen vs Vial/Syringe. An Observational Prospective Study.Patient preference and adherence · 2025Article
- Twenty years of inhaled insulin: promise, setbacks, and future directions.EXCLI journal · 2025Article
- Impact of structure and formulation changes on the function of insulin products.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Nanomaterial-Enhanced Microneedles: Emerging Therapies for Diabetes and Obesity.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: Insights into clinical efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and adherence challenges.World journal of diabetes · 2024Review
- Detection of insulin oligomeric forms by a novel surface plasmon resonance-diffusion coefficient based approach.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2024Article
- Unraveling Light-Activated Insulin Action in Regulating Blood Glucose: New Photoactivatable Insight as a Novel Modality in Diabetes Management.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- 100 Years since the Discovery of Insulin, from Its Discovery to the Insulins of the Future.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- i-shaped antibody engineering enables conformational tuning of biotherapeutic receptor agonists.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Insulin Therapy for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Innovative Treatment Strategies.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Review
- Modulation of the antagonistic properties of an insulin mimetic peptide by disulfide bridge modifications.Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The first preparation of insulin extracted from a pancreas and made suitable for use in humans after purification was achieved 100 years ago in Toronto, an epoch-making achievement, which has ultimately provided a life-giving treatment for millions of people worldwide. The earliest animal-derived formulations were short-acting and contained many impurities that caused adverse reactions, thereby limiting their therapeutic potential. However, since then, insulin production and purification improved with enhanced technologies, along with a full understanding of the insulin molecule structure. The availability of radio-immunoassays contributed to the unravelling of the physiology of glucose homeostasis, ultimately leading to the adoption of rational models of insulin replacement. The introduction of recombinant DNA technologies has since resulted in the era of both rapid- and long-acting human insulin analogues administered via the subcutaneous route which better mimic the physiology of insulin secretion, leading to the modern basal-bolus regimen. These advances, in combination with improved education and technologies for glucose monitoring, enable people with diabetes to better meet individual glycaemic goals with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia. While the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise globally, it is important to recognise the scientific endeavour that has led to insulin remaining the cornerstone of diabetes management, on the centenary of its first successful use in humans.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.