ReviewHuman genomics2022
Genetic etiology and clinical challenges of phenylketonuria.
Review in Human genomics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Dietary Interventions and Microbiome in Phenylketonuria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Randomized investigation to evaluate phenylalanine fluctuation after overnight fasting in PKU patients treated with prolonged-release versus standard amino acid protein substitute.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Trial
- Article
- Amino Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease.MedComm · 2026Review
- Targeting Mutant Phenylalanine Hydroxylase With Pyrimidine-Triazole Conjugates: A Primary Framework for Candidate Chaperone-Based Strategies in Phenylketonuria.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Minicells derived fromApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Phenylketonuria in Saudi Arabia: An Overview of Diagnosis, Genetics, and Therapeutic Strategies.Biology · 2026Review
- Shikimate pathway disruption in yeast induces metabolite self-assembly into toxic aggregates.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Blood Phenylalanine Control in Paediatric and Adult Centres in the UK: Data from 2012-2018.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Pushing the Boundaries of Biomarker Discovery in Phenylketonuria: Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Novel Biomarkers and Their Associations with Phenylalanine.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sepiapterin: A Distinct, Dual Mechanism of Action that Leads to Potential Treatment Benefits Across the Spectrum of Phenylketonuria Disease Severities.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Extensive antagonistic variants across the human genome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Disease Burden and Pharmacological Treatment Patterns in Children and Adults With Phenylketonuria: A Real-World Matched Cohort Study.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Article
- Concurrent phenylketonuria and immune-mediated central nervous system involvement: a case report highlighting rare co-occurrence.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- R2Tg retrotransposon mediated targeted integration of exogenous genes into the 28S rDNA locus in mammalian cell lines for PKU gene therapy.Frontiers in genome editing · 2026Article
- Phenylalanine homeostasis in metabolic disorders: epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical treatment.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Untargeted Metabolomics for Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Understanding the Pathophysiology of Inherited Metabolic Disorders.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Review
- From dietary restriction to disease-targeted therapy: Sephience TM (sepiapterin) in phenylketonuria.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Nutritional knowledge of the phenylketonuria diet among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetic etiology, and management of phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU, an autosomal recessive disease, is an inborn error of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. The prevalence of PKU varies widely among ethnicities and geographic regions, affecting approximately 1 in 24,000 individuals worldwide. Deficiency in the PAH enzyme or, in rare cases, the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin results in high blood Phe concentrations, causing brain dysfunction. Untreated PKU, also known as PAH deficiency, results in severe and irreversible intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioral disorders, and clinical features such as acquired microcephaly, seizures, psychological signs, and generalized hypopigmentation of skin (including hair and eyes). Severe phenotypes are classic PKU, and less severe forms of PAH deficiency are moderate PKU, mild PKU, mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA), or benign HPA. Early diagnosis and intervention must start shortly after birth to prevent major cognitive and neurological effects. Dietary treatment, including natural protein restriction and Phe-free supplements, must be used to maintain blood Phe concentrations of 120-360 μmol/L throughout the life span. Additional treatments include the casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), which contains very limited aromatic amino acids and may improve immunological function, and large neutral amino acid (LNAA) supplementation to prevent plasma Phe transport into the brain. The synthetic BH4 analog, sapropterin hydrochloride (i.e., Kuvan®, BioMarin), is another potential treatment that activates residual PAH, thus decreasing Phe concentrations in the blood of PKU patients. Moreover, daily subcutaneous injection of pegylated Phe ammonia-lyase (i.e., pegvaliase; PALYNZIQ®, BioMarin) has promised gene therapy in recent clinical trials, and mRNA approaches are also being studied.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.