Evidence mapPaperPMID 35856435Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes science and technology2023

Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors by People Without Diabetes: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?

David C Klonoff, Kevin T Nguyen, Nicole Y Xu, Alberto Gutierrez, Juan C Espinoza, Alaina P Vidmar

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07626658 (Food_i Sense Analytics), which is not on this map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
9.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07626658 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Food_i Sense Analytics: Integrando la Inteligencia Artificial Con la monitorización Continua de la Glucosa Para la nutrición de precisión

TypeobservationalSponsorIMDEA FoodRan2026 to 2028Enrolled471ConditionsPrediabetes (Insulin Resistance, Impaired Glucose Tolerance), Artificial Intelligence Mobile ApplicationArmsContinuous glucose monitoring using a wearable sensor (flash interstitial glucose monitor)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Impact of 8-hour time-limited eating on sleep in adolescents with obesity.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023
    Trial
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
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  14. Article
  15. The Effect of Acerola Intake on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Elite Athletes.Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025
    Article
  16. Preparing Allergists to Practice in 2050 Using Artificial Intelligence.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

David C KlonoffDiabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6394-6862
Kevin T NguyenDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9102-6537
Nicole Y XuDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9353-8819
Alberto GutierrezNDA Partners LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9573-8379
Juan C EspinozaUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0513-588X
Alaina P VidmarUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3790-6255
Diabetes Technology Society · USUniversity of Southern California · USDGA Partners · USMills Peninsula Health Services · US

Funding

Southern California Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001855 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Thomas A Buchanan, Michele D. Kipke · 2016 to 2026
$81.3M
West Coast Consortium for Technology and Innovation in PediatricsP50FD006425 · FDA · CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF LOS ANGELES · PI BAR-COHEN, YANIV, ESPINOZA, JUAN · 2018 to 2022
$7.0M
FDA HHS P50 FD006425NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundContinuous glucose monitor (CGM) systems were originally intended only for people with diabetes. Recently, there has been interest in monitoring glucose concentrations in a variety of other situations. As data accumulate to support the use of CGM systems in additional states unrelated to diabetes, the use of CGM systems is likely to increase accordingly.

methodsPubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles about the use of CGM in individuals without diabetes. Relevant articles that included sufficient details were queried to identify what cohorts of individuals were adopting CGM use and to define trends of use.

resultsFour clinical user cases were identified: (1) metabolic diseases related to diabetes with a primary dysregulation of the insulin-glucose axis, (2) metabolic diseases without a primary pathophysiologic derangement of the insulin-glucose axis, (3) health and wellness, and (4) elite athletics. Seven trends in the use of CGM systems in people without diabetes were idenfitied which pertained to both FDA-cleared medical grade products as well as anticipated future products, which may be regulated differently based on intended populations and indications for use.

conclusionsWearing a CGM has been used not only for diabetes, but with a goal of improving glucose patterns to avoid diabetes, improving mental or physical performance, and promoting motivate healthy behavioral changes. We expect that clinicians will become increasingly aware of (1) glycemic patterns from CGM tracings that predict an increased risk of diabetes, (2) specific metabolic glucotypes from CGM tracings that predict an increased risk of diabetes, and (3) new genetic and genomic biomarkers in the future.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringHumansInsulinInsulin, Regular, HumanBlood GlucoseInsulinInsulin, Regular, HumanathletesCGMcontinuous glucose monitorhealthyobesityprediabetes

Identifiers

PMID35856435
PMCPMC10658694
OpenAlexW4286210600

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.