ArticleArteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology2022
Dietary Meat, Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Related Metabolites, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.
Article in Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary amino acid intake and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral/gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Red Meat Consumption on Circulating, Urinary, and Fecal Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Egg Consumption on Gastrointestinal Health: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Dried Blood Spots to Assess Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Pooled it
- Plasma Trimethylamine-Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Trial
- Article
- Development and content validity of Diet Quality Index for Athletes (DQI-Athletes).BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut microbial trimethylamine N-oxide generation promotes risk of atrial fibrillation via muscarinic receptor-mediated autonomic dysfunction.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Aging Driven by Multi-Organ Crosstalk: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota‑derived metabolites in cardiovascular disease: Focus on trimethylamine N‑oxide, short‑chain fatty acids and bile acids (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Ischemic Stroke: From Pre-Stroke Dysbiosis and Acute-Phase Changes to Therapeutic Applications.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Elevated serum TMAO levels associate with higher risk of arteriovenous vascular access thrombosis in hemodialysis patients.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
- Protein Paradox: Protein Quality Based on Amino Acids Composition is Poorly Associated with Health Outcomes.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiome Recovery inDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Trimethylamine N-oxide and related metabolites may regulate DNA methylation and trigger cardiovascular disease.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Uncovering non-linear dietary predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in older adults with periodontitis: a cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Relationship BetweenCardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Substitutions of Saturated Fatty Acids From Different Meats With Dairy and Incident Relationship With Cardiovascular Diseases: The UK Biobank Prospective Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Gut microbes with theGut microbes · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEffects of animal source foods (ASF) on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and underlying mechanisms remain controversial. We investigated prospective associations of different ASF with incident ASCVD and potential mediation by gut microbiota-generated trimethylamine N-oxide, its L-carnitine-derived intermediates γ-butyrobetaine and crotonobetaine, and traditional ASCVD risk pathways.
methodsAmong 3931 participants from a community-based US cohort aged 65+ years, ASF intakes and trimethylamine N-oxide-related metabolites were measured serially over time. Incident ASCVD (myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, stroke, other atherosclerotic death) was adjudicated over 12.5 years median follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures and covariates examined ASF-ASCVD associations; and additive hazard models, mediation proportions by different risk pathways.
resultsAfter multivariable-adjustment, higher intakes of unprocessed red meat, total meat, and total ASF associated with higher ASCVD risk, with hazard ratios (95% CI) per interquintile range of 1.15 (1.01-1.30), 1.22 (1.07-1.39), and 1.18 (1.03-1.34), respectively. Trimethylamine N-oxide-related metabolites together significantly mediated these associations, with mediation proportions (95% CI) of 10.6% (1.0-114.5), 7.8% (1.0-32.7), and 9.2% (2.2-44.5), respectively. Processed meat intake associated with a nonsignificant trend toward higher ASCVD (1.11 [0.98-1.25]); intakes of fish, poultry, and eggs were not significantly associated. Among other risk pathways, blood glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein, but not blood pressure or blood cholesterol, each significantly mediated the total meat-ASCVD association.
conclusionsIn this large, community-based cohort, higher meat intake associated with incident ASCVD, partly mediated by microbiota-derived metabolites of L-carnitine, abundant in red meat. These novel findings support biochemical links between dietary meat, gut microbiome pathways, and ASCVD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.