ArticleJournal of multidisciplinary healthcare2022
Risk Factors of Microvascular Complications Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Cox Proportional Hazards Models: A Cohort Study in Tabuk Saudi Arabia.
Article in Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asia: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Qualitative Analysis of Phase 4 ClinicalTrials.gov Studies.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Diabetic Complication Profiles and Associated Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Analysis from Two Public Hospitals in the Najran Region, Southern Saudi Arabia.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Elevated waist-to-hip ratio, as an abdominal obesity index, predicts the risk of diabetic kidney injury.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Diabetic microvascular complications among adults with type 2 diabetes in Adama, central Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Predictors of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at regional referral hospitals in the central zone, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Diabetic microvascular complications and associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in Southern Ethiopia.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is high in Saudi Arabia, but data related to its complications are limited. This study aimed to determine the incidence of microvascular complications caused by T2D and evaluate the impact of the associated risk factors. Patients and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at two military hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Data on the socio-demographics, glycaemic profile, blood lipid indices, duration of T2D, and associated microvascular complications were collected from electronic health records and medical files. Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards models were used for data analysis. Results: This study included 1563 T2D patients. The incidence of microvascular complications was 34.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.0-36.6). Retinopathy was the most common complication (incidence=20.0%; 95% CI, 18.0-22.0%), while nephropathy was the least common complication (incidence=12.2%; 95% CI, 10.6-13.8%). Advanced age (≥65 years) showed the highest risk of retinopathy (Hazard ratios [HR], 2.86; 95% CI, 2.56-3.21), neuropathy (HR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.40-3.05), and nephropathy (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.12-2.64) compared with their counterparts. After adjusting for potential confounders, the study found that the significant risk factors for microvascular complications were longer duration (≥10 years) of T2D (HR, 5.3; 95% CI, 5.1-5.6), uncontrolled hypertension (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 3.3-4.2), poor glycaemic control (HR, 4.6; 95% CI, 4.3-5.1), obesity (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.2-2.6), and dyslipidaemia (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0). Conclusion: Given the high burden of microvascular complications in military healthcare facilities in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, a context-specific accessible public health program focusing on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and consumption of a healthy diet, as well as the early diagnosis and management of diabetes, needs to be developed and implemented.
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