ArticleScientific reports2022
A systems immunology approach to investigate cytokine responses to viruses and bacteria and their association with disease.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Opportunities and challenges with artificial intelligence in allergy and immunology: a bibliometric study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Correlates of protection against African swine fever virus identified by a systems immunology approach.eLife · 2026Article
- Multi-omics Data Integration.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Elevated IL-6 and IL-10 Levels as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Comparative Study in Mexican Patients.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Utility of Cytokine Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Pyogenic Musculoskeletal Infections.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Diversities in the Inflammatory Responses in Cats With Bacterial and Viral Infections.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- PLGA-Chitosan Encapsulated IL-10 Nanoparticles Modulate Chlamydia Inflammation in Mice.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Nanoparticles and cytokine response.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Patterns of human immune responses to viruses and bacteria and how this impacts risk of infections or onset/exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases are poorly understood. In a population-based birth cohort, we measured peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses (28 cytokines) to respiratory viruses and bacteria, Toll-like receptor ligands and phytohemagglutinin, in 307 children. Cytokine responses were highly variable with > 1000-fold differences between children. Machine learning revealed clear distinction between virus-associated and bacteria-associated stimuli. Cytokines clustered into three functional groups (anti-viral, pro-inflammatory and T-cell derived). To investigate mechanisms potentially explaining such variable responses, we investigated cytokine Quantitative Trait Loci (cQTLs) of IL-6 responses to bacteria and identified nine (eight novel) loci. Our integrative approach describing stimuli, cytokines and children as variables revealed robust immunologically and microbiologically plausible clustering, providing a framework for a greater understanding of host-responses to infection, including novel genetic associations with respiratory disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.