ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Looking into the Eyes-In Vitro Models for Ocular Research.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- A high-throughput 3D conjunctival spheroid model for standardized in vitro testing.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Bacteriophage Science: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Applications, Challenges, and Translational Opportunities.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- 3D printed system usingInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Application of organoid models in basic and translational research of lung cancer: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Engineering biomimetic tissue barrier models on chips: From design and fabrication to applications in disease modeling and drug screening.Biomaterials · 2026Review
- 3D-printed plugs enhance cell usage efficiency for single-cell migration and neuron axon guidance assays.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Biological Barrier Models-on-Chips: A Novel Tool for Disease Research and Drug Discovery.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Review
- Synthesis of PVA-Based Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends and Advances.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Nanomedicine in Ophthalmology: From Bench to Bedside.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Review
- An Assessment of the Ocular Toxicity of Two Major Sources of Environmental Exposure.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Chloropicrin induced ocular injury: Biomarkers, potential mechanisms, and treatments.Toxicology letters · 2024Review
- In Vitro Models of Tissue and Organ Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Recent Options and Techniques to Assess Improved Bioavailability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Toxic External Exposure Leading to Ocular Surface Injury.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.