ArticlePharmaceutics2022
Atorvastatin Enhances the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Therapy and Suppresses the Cellular and Extracellular Vesicle PD-L1.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of statin use on breast cancer recurrence and mortality before and after diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review of Mechanisms and Management.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Review
- The controversial role of metabolic reprogramming in anti-tumor therapy resistance.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- The impact of concomitant medications on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Atorvastatin as a pleiotropic anticancer agent: mechanisms, evidence, and therapeutic repurposing potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune evasion driven by lipid metabolic reprogramming in endocrine-resistant HRFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Unveiling the potential benefits of statins in medulloblastoma treatment: A promising therapeutic approach.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- LSD1 inhibition sensitizes anti-PD1 blockade immunotherapy by inhibiting the long-range attack of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Utilization of exosome-based therapies to augment anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Simvastatin inhibits PD-L1 via ILF3 to induce ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Genetic association of lipids and lipid-lowering drug target genes with breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Early microvascular coronary endothelial dysfunction precedes pembrolizumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Preventive role of high dose of atorvastatin.Basic research in cardiology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease: emerging roles and mechanisms.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: key drivers of immunomodulation in breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Known and unknown: Exosome secretion in tumor microenvironment needs more exploration.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Chemoprevention of Head and Neck Cancer: A Review of Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Review
- Loss of STK11 Suppresses Lipid Metabolism and Attenuates KRAS-Induced Immunogenicity in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancer research communications · 2024Article
- A drug repurposing approach of Atorvastatin calcium for its antiproliferative activity for effective treatment of breast cancer:International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2024Article
- The role of extracellular vesicle immune checkpoints in cancer.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Review
- Harnessing Oxylipins and Inflammation Modulation for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
According to clinical studies, statins improve the efficacy of programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy for breast cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we showed that atorvastatin (ATO) decreased the content of PD-L1 in extracellular vesicles (EVs) by reducing cellular PD-L1 expression and inhibiting EV secretion in breast cancer cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. ATO reduced EV secretion by regulating the Rab proteins involved in EV biogenesis and secretion. ATO-mediated inhibition of the Ras-activated MAPK signaling pathway downregulated PD-L1 expression. In addition, ATO strongly promoted antitumor efficacy by inducing T cell-mediated tumor destruction when combined with an anti-PD-L1 antibody. Moreover, suppression of EV PD-L1 by ATO improved the reactivity of anti-PD-L1 therapy by enhancing T-cell activity in draining lymph nodes of EMT6-bearing immunocompetent mice. Therefore, ATO is a potential therapeutic drug that improves antitumor immunity by inhibiting EV PD-L1, particularly in response to immune escape during cancer.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.