ReviewViruses2022
The Viral Origin of Human Breast Cancer: From the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) to the Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV).
Review in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human betaretrovirus (HBRV), homologous to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and human breast cancer: a significant epidemiological association.Retrovirology · 2026Pooled it
- Viral zoonosis and human cancer: further perspectives and considerations.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Article
- Arthropod venom peptides: Pioneering nanotechnology in cancer treatment and drug delivery.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2026Review
- Gammaretrovirus Infections in Humans in the Past, Present, and Future: Have We Defeated the Pathogen?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Human sporadic breast carcinoma histotypes driven by the Human Betaretrovirus homologous to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review of Clinical and Experimental Data.Biology · 2025Review
- Molecular Mechanism of Breast Cancer and Predisposition of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Propagation Cycle.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Identification and characterization of host miRNAs that target the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) genome.Open biology · 2024Article
- Anticancer potentiality of Hottentotta saulcyi scorpion curd venom against breast cancer: an in vitro and in vivo study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The viral origins of breast cancer.Infectious agents and cancer · 2024Review
- Invasion and Amplification of Endogenous Retroviruses in Dasyuridae Marsupial Genomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Predictive modeling for breast cancer classification in the context of Bangladeshi patients by use of machine learning approach with explainable AI.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Maternal immunization impairs lymphoma growth and CNS/ocular metastasis in the offspring.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Global Down-regulation of Gene Expression Induced by Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) in Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
- Life after Cleavage: The Story of a β-Retroviral (MMTV) Signal Peptide-From Murine Lymphoma to Human Breast Cancer.Viruses · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV) has been identified in humans, dating as far back as about 4500 years ago, with a high probability of it being acquired by our species around 10,000 years ago, following a species jump from mice to humans. HBRV is the human homolog of the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus), which is the etiological agent of murine mammary tumors. The hypothesis of a HMTV (human mammary tumor virus) was proposed about 50 years ago, and has acquired a solid scientific basis during the last 30 years, with the demonstration of a robust link with breast cancer and with PBC, primary biliary cholangitis. This article summarizes most of what is known about MMTV/HMTV/HBRV since the discovery of MMTV at the beginning of last century, to make evident both the quantity and the quality of the research supporting the existence of HBRV and its pathogenic role. Here, it is sufficient to mention that scientific evidence includes that viral sequences have been identified in breast-cancer samples in a worldwide distribution, that the complete proviral genome has been cloned from breast cancer and patients with PBC, and that saliva contains HBRV, as a possible route of inter-human infection. Controversies that have arisen concerning results obtained from human tissues, many of them outdated by new scientific evidence, are critically discussed and confuted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.