ArticleBMC psychiatry2022
Temporally ordered associations between type 2 diabetes and brain disorders - a Danish register-based cohort study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes mellitus and risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Shared genetic and molecular architecture between insulin resistance and cognitive performance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and suicide attempt in people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of 165 studies.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- The Association Between Migraine and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Review
- Shared genetic architecture between psychiatric and insulin-related traits in the general population.Neuroscience applied · 2026Article
- Local patterns of genetic sharing between neuropsychiatric and insulin resistance-related conditions.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Analysis of the Correlation between Frailty Index, Clinical Characteristics, Use of Anti-Epileptic Drug, and Prognosis in Elderly Patients with Epilepsy.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Article
- The interface of depression and diabetes: treatment considerations.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Longitudinal assessment of the impact of prevalent diabetes on hospital admissions and mortality in the general population: a prospective population-based study with 19 years of follow-up.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- 12-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes of semaglutide use for type 2 diabetes: a propensity-score matched cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Eight-year nationwide study of the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes and depression in nearly 8 million German outpatients.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Potential causal association of diabetes mellitus and blood glucose related indexes with the onset of epilepsy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- The association between neuroendocrine/glucose metabolism and clinical outcomes and disease course in different clinical states of bipolar disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association between triglyceride glucose index (TyG) and psychotic symptoms in patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Antipsychotics and the risk of diabetes and death among adults with serious mental illnesses.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Fingolimod Modulates the Gene Expression of Proteins Engaged in Inflammation and Amyloid-Beta Metabolism and Improves Exploratory and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Obese Mice.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Article
- Association between triglyceride glucose index and suicide attempts in patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Psychiatric traits and intracerebral hemorrhage: A Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 10 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked with several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, either as a comorbid condition or as a risk factor. We aimed to expand the evidence by examining associations with a broad range of brain disorders (psychiatric and neurological disorders, excluding late-onset neurodegenerative disorders), while also accounting for the temporal order of T2DM and these brain disorders.
methodsIn a population-based cohort-study of 1,883,198 Danish citizens, born 1955-1984 and followed until end of 2016, we estimated associations between T2DM and 16 brain disorders first diagnosed between childhood and mid-adulthood. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in temporally ordered analyses (brain disorder diagnosis after T2DM and vice versa), adjusted for sex, age, follow-up, birth year, and parental factors.
resultsA total of 67,660 (3.6%) of the study population were identified as T2DM cases after age 30 and by a mean age of 45 years (SD of 8 years). T2DM was associated with most psychiatric disorders. Strongest associations were seen with other (i.e. non-anorectic) eating disorders (OR [95% CI]: 2.64 [2.36-2.94]) and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (2.73 [2.63-2.84]). Among neurological disorders especially inflammatory brain diseases (1.73 [1.57-1.91]) and epilepsy (1.67 [1.60-1.75]) were associated with T2DM. Most associations remained in both directions in the temporally ordered analyses. For most psychiatric disorders, associations were strongest in females.
conclusionsT2DM was associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders, and most associations were consistently found for both temporal order of disorders. This suggests a shared etiology of T2DM and those brain disorders. This study can form the starting point for studies directed at further elucidating potential causal links between disorders and shared biological mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.