ReviewDiabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy2022
The Relationship Between the Blood-Brain-Barrier and the Central Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors.
Review in Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative cardiovascular effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide on sexuality in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.EBioMedicine · 2024Trial
- Adjunctive Dulaglutide in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Open-Label Proof-of-Concept Trial.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on sympathetic neuron activity.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Article
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Inhibit the Initiation of Toxic Amyloid-β42 Aggregation.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- Advances in GLP-1 receptor agonists delivery systems for obesity and diabetes.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Plasma GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Depletion Is Correlated with Dysregulation of Adipocytokine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Cross-Sectional Study Related to Gender-Sex Disparities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Progress on exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- The Potential Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Depression: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- GLP-1 agonist liraglutide decreases operant methamphetamine intake in rats under conditions of short- but not extended-access to the drug.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Repurposing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Nature aging · 2026Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Acute Ischemic Stroke and Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Narrative Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Review
- Multi-omics profiling implicates gut microbiota-sphingolipid interplay in the neuroprotective effects of semaglutide on diabetic cognitive impairment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- GLP-1 Signalling as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Liraglutide improves depressive and cognitive deficits in a high-fat diet rat model of obesity: the role of hippocampal autophagy and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Targeting Neurodegeneration with SGLT2is: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- GLP-1 and the Degenerating Brain: Exploring Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Examining the Omission of Dietary Quality Data in Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are growing problems worldwide and are associated with a range of acute and chronic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Novel anti-diabetic medications designed to treat T2DM, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), exert beneficial effects on metabolism and the cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GLP-1RAs induce anorexic effects by inhibiting the central regulation of food intake to reduce body weight. Central/peripheral administration of GLP-1RAs inhibits food intake, accompanied by an increase in c-Fos expression in neurons within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), induced by the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, GLP-1RAs need to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects. In addition, studies revealed that SGLT-2is could reduce the risk of chronic heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes. SGLT-2 is extensively expressed throughout the CNS, and c-Fos expression was also observed within 2 hours of administration of SGLT-2is in mice. Recent clinical studies reported that SGLT-2is improved hypertension and atrial fibrillation by modulating the "overstimulated" renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and suppressing the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by directly/indirectly acting on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Despite extensive research into the central mechanism of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. This review discusses the interaction between GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is and the BBB to induce pharmacological effects via the CNS.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.