ArticleChinese medicine2022
Quantification of prevalence, clinical characteristics, co-existence, and geographic variations of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic patterns via latent tree analysis-based differentiation rules among functional dyspepsia patients.
Article in Chinese medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Syndrome Differentiation on Treatment Effects and side Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Meta-Epidemiological Study.Journal of evidence-based integrative medicinePooled it
- Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome patterns and associated factors in adults with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a data-driven analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Trial
- Article
- Assistive Technologies for Pulse-Based Tele-Practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Two-Phase, Dual-Method Feasibility and Pilot Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Traditional Chinese medicine nursing competency and its correlates among clinical nurses in Guangyuan City, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals in a comprehensive tertiary hospital regarding traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Discovering the key symptoms for identifying patterns in functional dyspepsia patients: Doctor's decision and machine learning.Integrative medicine research · 2025Article
- Identifying key features for determining the patterns of patients with functional dyspepsia using machine learning.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Adapted Evidence-Informed Expert Consensus on the use of Acupuncture in Managing Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Hong Kong: A Delphi Consensus Study.Journal of evidence-based integrative medicineArticle
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13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment strategies are guided by pattern differentiation, as documented in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). However, no standards for pattern differentiation are proposed to ensure inter-rater agreement. Without standardisation, research on associations between TCM diagnostic patterns, clinical features, and geographical characteristics is also not feasible. This diagnostic cross-sectional study aimed to (i) establish the pattern differentiation rules of functional dyspepsia (FD) using latent tree analysis (LTA); (ii) compare the prevalence of diagnostic patterns in Hong Kong and Hunan; (iii) discover the co-existence of diagnostic patterns; and (iv) reveal the associations between diagnostic patterns and FD common comorbidities.
methodsA total of 250 and 150 participants with FD consecutively sampled in Hong Kong and Hunan, respectively, completed a questionnaire on TCM clinical features. LTA was performed to reveal TCM diagnostic patterns of FD and derive relevant pattern differentiation rules. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to quantify correlations between different diagnostic patterns and between diagnostic patterns and clinical and geographical variables.
resultsAt least one TCM diagnostic pattern was differentiated in 70.7%, 73.6%, and 64.0% of the participants in the overall (n = 400), Hong Kong (n = 250), and Hunan (n = 150) samples, respectively, using the eight pattern differentiation rules derived. 52.7% to 59.6% of the participants were diagnosed with two or more diagnostic patterns. Cold-heat complex (59.8%) and spleen-stomach dampness-heat (77.1%) were the most prevalent diagnostic patterns in Hong Kong and Hunan, respectively. Spleen-stomach deficiency cold was highly likely to co-exist with spleen-stomach qi deficiency (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 53.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 21.77 to 130.16). Participants with severe anxiety tended to have liver qi invading the stomach (AOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.33).
conclusionsFuture updates of the ICD, textbooks, and guidelines should emphasise the importance of clinical and geographical variations in TCM diagnosis. Location-specific pattern differentiation rules should be derived from local data using LTA. In future, patients' pattern differentiation results, local prevalence of TCM diagnostic patterns, and corresponding TCM treatment choices should be accessible to practitioners on online clinical decision support systems to streamline service delivery.
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