Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2022
Randomized Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract readClinical Trial, Phase IIIRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04510194 (COVID-OUT), which is not on this map. Cited by 135 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
135citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
20.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
COVID-OUT: Early Outpatient Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)
Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Choice of Viral Load End Point in Early Phase Trials of COVID-19 Treatments Aiming to Reduce 28-Day Hospitalization and/or Death.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Antihyperglycemic Medications on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review from Observational Studies.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2024 · on this mapPooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis, investigating dose and time of fluvoxamine treatment efficacy for COVID-19 clinical deterioration, death, and Long-COVID complications.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- The relationship between viral clearance rates and disease progression in early symptomatic COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Pooled it
- Is antiviral treatment at the acute phase of COVID-19 effective for decreasing the risk of long-COVID? A systematic review.Infection · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Outpatient randomized controlled trials to reduce COVID-19 hospitalization: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2023Pooled it
- Metformin for Treatment of Acute COVID-19: Systematic Review of Clinical Trial Data Against SARS-CoV-2.Diabetes care · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in COVID-19 management: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Trial Sequential Analysis and Updated Meta-Analysis of Fluvoxamine on Clinical Deterioration in Adult Patients with Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Ivermectin for Critically and Noncritically Ill Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (REMAP-CAP).Critical care medicine · 2026Trial
- Time to Sustained Recovery Among Outpatients With COVID-19 Receiving Montelukast vs Placebo: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Favorable Antiviral Effect of Metformin on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of COVID-19.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- A Comparison of Recruitment Methods for a Remote, Nationwide Clinical Trial for COVID-19 Treatment.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Ivermectin for COVID-19 in adults in the community (PRINCIPLE): An open, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial of short- and longer-term outcomes.The Journal of infection · 2024Trial
- Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Inhaled Fluticasone Furoate for Outpatient Treatment of Covid-19.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Trial
- Drug Repurposing as a Broad-Spectrum Strategy Against Coronaviruses: Frontiers in Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.Viruses · 2026Review
- Metformin and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
38 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Carolyn T BramanteFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0001-5858-2080
Jared D HulingFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Christopher J TignanelliFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
John B BuseFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-9723-3876
David M LiebovitzFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Jacinda M NicklasFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Kenneth CohenFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Michael A PuskarichFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0001-6358-4670
Hrishikesh K BelaniFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Jennifer L ProperFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-6037-4077
Lianne K SiegelFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Nichole R KlattFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
David J OddeFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0001-7731-2799
Darlette G LukeFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Blake AndersonFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Amy B KargerFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-2781-3824
Nicholas E IngrahamFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-0292-0594
Katrina M HartmanFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0001-6723-0423
Via RaoFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Aubrey A HagenFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Barkha PatelFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Sarah L FennoFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Nandini AvulaFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Neha V ReddyFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Spencer M EricksonFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Sarah LindbergFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Regina FrictonFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Samuel LeeFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Adnin ZamanFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-6884-7748
Hanna G SaveraidFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Walker J TordsenFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Matthew F PullenFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Michelle BirosFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Nancy E SherwoodFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
Jennifer L ThompsonFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
David R BoulwareFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-4715-0060
Thomas A MurrayFrom the Departments of Medicine (C.T.B., N.E.I., K.M.H., A.A.H., B.P., S.L.F., N.A., N.V.R., S.M.E., H.G.S., M.F.P., D.R.B.) and Surgery (C.J.T., N.R.K.), Emergency Medicine (M.A.P., M.B.), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), Medical School, the Divisions of Biostatistics (J.D.H., J.L.P., L.K.S., V.R., S. Lindberg, T.A.M.) and Epidemiology and Community Health (N.E.S.), School of Public Health, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.J.O.), University of Minnesota, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (M.A.P., W.J.T., M.B.), and the Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Fairview (D.G.L.), Minneapolis, and UnitedHealth Group, Optum Labs, Minnetonka (K.C.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (D.M.L., R.F., S. Lee); the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.M.N., A.Z.); the Department of Medicine, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles (H.K.B.); Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine - both in Atlanta (B.A.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (J.L.T.).
COVID-OUT Trial Team
Faculty of Public Health · GBAnna Needs Neuroblastoma Answers · USUniversity of Minnesota · USNorthwestern University · USEmory University · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · US
Funding
PILOT STUDY--SUBSTRATE METABOLISM IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTSP30DK048520 · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · 1995 to 2025
$7.7MTRAINING-PULMONARY CELL &MOLECULAR BIOLOGY &PHYSIOLOGYT32HL007741 · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · 1994 to 2005
$3.3MProject 3P01CA254849 · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · 2025 to 2025
$1.9MPilot & Feasibility ProgramP30DK124723 · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · 2025 to 2025
$1.6MNCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR002492NCATS NIH HHS KL2TR002492NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002494NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR002494NCI NIH HHS P01 CA254849NCI NIH HHS U54 CA210190NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL133604NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007741NIDDK NIH HHS DK124654-01A1NIDDK NIH HHS F32 DK123878NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK124654NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK048520NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK124723
Abstract
backgroundEarly treatment to prevent severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an important component of the comprehensive response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.
methodsIn this phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we used a 2-by-3 factorial design to test the effectiveness of three repurposed drugs - metformin, ivermectin, and fluvoxamine - in preventing serious SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhospitalized adults who had been enrolled within 3 days after a confirmed diagnosis of infection and less than 7 days after the onset of symptoms. The patients were between the ages of 30 and 85 years, and all had either overweight or obesity. The primary composite end point was hypoxemia (≤93% oxygen saturation on home oximetry), emergency department visit, hospitalization, or death. All analyses used controls who had undergone concurrent randomization and were adjusted for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and receipt of other trial medications.
resultsA total of 1431 patients underwent randomization; of these patients, 1323 were included in the primary analysis. The median age of the patients was 46 years; 56% were female (6% of whom were pregnant), and 52% had been vaccinated. The adjusted odds ratio for a primary event was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 1.09; P = 0.19) with metformin, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.76 to 1.45; P = 0.78) with ivermectin, and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.36; P = 0.75) with fluvoxamine. In prespecified secondary analyses, the adjusted odds ratio for emergency department visit, hospitalization, or death was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.94) with metformin, 1.39 (95% CI, 0.72 to 2.69) with ivermectin, and 1.17 (95% CI, 0.57 to 2.40) with fluvoxamine. The adjusted odds ratio for hospitalization or death was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.20 to 1.11) with metformin, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.19 to 2.77) with ivermectin, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.33 to 3.76) with fluvoxamine.
conclusionsNone of the three medications that were evaluated prevented the occurrence of hypoxemia, an emergency department visit, hospitalization, or death associated with Covid-19. (Funded by the Parsemus Foundation and others; COVID-OUT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04510194.).
Indexed as
COVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentFluvoxamineIvermectinMetforminAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCOVID-19 VaccinesDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansHypoxiaMaleMiddle AgedObesityCOVID-19 VaccinesFluvoxamineIvermectinMetformin
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Texttitle and abstract
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Registered trials
NCT04510194ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.