ArticleNutrients2022
Processed Food as a Risk Factor for the Development and Perpetuation of Crohn's Disease-The ENIGMA Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: A CONSENSUS OF THE BRAZILIAN ORGANIZATION FOR CROHN'S AND COLITIS (GEDIIB).Arquivos de gastroenterologia · 2026Pooled it
- Dietary Sugar and Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical Trial: The Effects of Emulsifiers in the Food Supply on Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease: An Exploratory Double-Blinded Randomised Feeding Trial.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Article
- The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries from 1990 to 2021 with Forecasting Projections to 2030: A Global Burden of Disease Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of Ultra-Processed Foods and Food Additives on Disease Activity in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Diet's impact on gut microbial assemblage in health and disease.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Practical Application of Evidence-Based Dietary Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The DELECTABLE Program.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Dietary Relationships between Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review of Diets Which May Promote Both Diseases.Current gastroenterology reports · 2025Review
- Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Review
- Is there an "optimal" diet for prevention of inflammatory bowel disease?JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2024Review
- Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- Inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review of disease evolution in South Asia and India over the last decade.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2024Review
- The key to intestinal health: a review and perspective on food additives.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Review
- Beyond Plants: The Ultra-Processing of Global Diets Is Harming the Health of People, Places, and Planet.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD).Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
(1) Background: Developing countries have experienced a rapid recent rise in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) incidence and emerging evidence suggests processed foods and food additives may predispose one to the development and perpetuation of Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to evaluate processed food and food additive intake in CD patients and controls, in Australia (high CD incidence), Hong Kong (intermediate incidence) and mainland China (emerging incidence). (2) Methods: In 274 CD patients (CD), 82 first-degree relatives (FDR), 83 household members (HM) and 92 healthy unrelated controls (HC) from Australia (n = 180), Hong Kong (HK) (n = 160) and mainland China (n = 191) we estimated early life (0-18 years), recent (12 months), and current processed and food additive intake, using validated questionnaires and a 3-day-food diary. (3) Results: Early life processed food intake: Combining all regions, CD were more likely to have consumed soft drinks and fast foods than HM, more likely to have consumed processed fruit and snacks than their FDR, and more likely to have consumed a range of processed foods than HC. HK and China CD patients were more likely to have consumed a range of processed foods than HC. Recent food-additive intake (12-months): Combining all regions, CD patients had significantly higher intakes of aspartame and sucralose, and polysorbate-80, than HC, and more total emulsifiers, artificial sweeteners, and titanium dioxide than FDR and HC. HK and China CD patients had a higher intake of almost all food additives than all controls. Current additive intake (3-days): Australian and HK CD patients had higher total food-additive intake than FDR, and HK CD patients had a higher intake of total food-additives and emulsifiers than HM. (4) Conclusions: CD patients have been exposed to more processed food and food additives than control groups, which may predispose them to CD development and ongoing inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.