ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2022
Tick feeding modulates the human skin immune landscape to facilitate tick-borne pathogen transmission.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mostly getting along -Borrelia burgdorferi and its manipulation of the host immune system.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Dynamics of IgM and IgG responses in Lyme neuroborreliosis - a Norwegian longitudinal study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Colonization of 3D-organotypic human skin by the Lyme Disease pathogen,bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Innate immune responses tomBio · 2026Article
- Single-cell immunophenotyping identifies CD8+GZMK+IFNG+ T cells as a key immune population in cutaneous Lyme disease.JCI insight · 2026Article
- From vector to allergen: exploring the immunology of tick-triggered α-Gal syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tick lipocalin triggers mammalian IGFBP-3-mediated apoptosis in macrophages and keratinocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- From forest floor to doctor's office: the immunological journey ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics and epidemiological analysis of 23 cases of tick-borne rickettsiosis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Ticked Off: Allergic Effector Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alpha-gal Syndrome.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Human epidermal Langerhans cells induce tolerance and hamper T cell function upon tick-borne pathogen transmission.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Acquired tick resistance inInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Article
- Ticks' tricks: immunomodulatory effects of ixodid tick saliva at the cutaneous tick-host interface.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Hitchhiker's Guide toJournal of bacteriology · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing highlight immune pathways induced in individuals during anInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Tick extracellular vesicles in host skin immunity and pathogen transmission.Trends in parasitology · 2023Review
- Functional heterogeneity of human skin-resident memory T cells in health and disease.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
During cutaneous tick attachment, the feeding cavity becomes a site of transmission for tick salivary compounds and tick-borne pathogens. However, the immunological consequences of tick feeding for human skin remain unclear. Here, we assessed human skin and blood samples upon tick bite and developed a human skin explant model mimicking Ixodes ricinus bites and tick-borne pathogen infection. Following tick attachment, we observed rapidly occurring patterns of immunomodulation, including increases in neutrophils and cutaneous B and T cells. T cells upregulated tissue residency markers, while lymphocytic cytokine production was impaired. In early stages of Borrelia burgdorferi model infections, we detected strain-specific immune responses and close spatial relationships between macrophages and spirochetes. Preincubation of spirochetes with tick salivary gland extracts hampered accumulation of immune cells and increased spirochete loads. Collectively, we showed that tick feeding exerts profound changes on the skin immune network that interfere with the primary response against tick-borne pathogens.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.