ArticleLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)2022
Impact of hormonal contraceptives on sex differences in fear conditioning and fear extinction in PTSD.
Article in Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The progesterone to estradiol ratio predicts fear extinction in mice and humans.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use, Stress Disorders, and Cardiovascular and Thrombotic Risk in Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- PACAP a mediator of inflammation following trauma exposure and mild traumatic brain injury: Differential effects in males and females.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Stress-induced changes in the molecular processes underlying fear memories: implications for PTSD and relevant animal models.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Longitudinal Associations Between Peritraumatic Oestradiol and Fear Responding in Women and Men.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Article
- PACAP associated with precise PTSD and fear extinction response in women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Domain-selective and sex-dependent regulation of learning and memory in mice by GIRK channel activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the dorsal hippocampus.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- The role of neurosteroids in posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder: A review of 10 years of clinical literature and treatment implications.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2024Review
- Article
- Sex-Based Contributors to and Consequences of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.Current psychiatry reports · 2023Review
- Using Translational Models of Fear Conditioning to Uncover Sex-Linked Factors Related to PTSD Risk.Journal of psychiatry and brain science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences in the neurobiological mechanisms involved in fear conditioning and extinction have been suggested to contribute to differential vulnerability for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women compared with men. Reproductive hormones, such as estradiol, have been shown to facilitate fear conditioning and extinction learning and may explain some of these differences. However, the effect of commonly used hormonal contraceptives on the neurobiological mechanisms of fear conditioning and extinction is poorly understood. A laboratory study was conducted in trauma-exposed men and women with and without full or partial PTSD to examine effects of sex and use of hormonal birth control on fear conditioning, fear extinction learning, and extinction retention. Participants underwent fear conditioning with stimuli that were paired (CS+) or unpaired (CS-) with shock. Extinction learning occurred 72 h later, and extinction retention was tested 1 wk after extinction. Women on hormonal contraceptives (HCs) demonstrated enhanced acquisition of fear conditioning and enhanced extinction of fear as compared with women off hormonal birth control and men. While clinical implications have yet to be determined, these results suggest that hormonal contraceptives may facilitate learning during both fear acquisition and extinction. Understanding the impact of sex and hormones on fear conditioning and extinction processes may lead to new insights into the pathophysiology of PTSD and result in advancements in treatment that may vary by sex.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.