Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36215063›Full record

SynthesisJAMA2022

Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021.

Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Cristiana Abbafati, Joachim G Aerts, Ziyad Al-Aly, Charlie Ashbaugh, Tala Ballouz, Oleg Blyuss, Polina Bobkova, Gouke Bonsel and 118 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in JAMA, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05874089 (The Role of VSL#3® in the Treatment of Fatigue and Other Symptoms in Long Covid-19 Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 518 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
518citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05874089 naunknown statusnot on this map

The Role of VSL#3® in the Treatment of Fatigue and Other Symptoms in Long Covid-19 Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study (DELong#3)

TypeinterventionalSponsorFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoRan2022 to 2023Enrolled96ConditionsLong COVIDArmsVSL#3®, Placebo
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

518 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective evidence.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025
    Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. VSL#3British journal of biomedical science · 2026
    Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Observational
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Lung endothelial cytopathic tau is sufficient to impair long-term potentiation during infection.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026
    Article

458 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

128 authors.

Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators
Sarah Wulf HansonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Cristiana AbbafatiDepartment of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Joachim G AertsDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Ziyad Al-AlyJohn T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
Charlie AshbaughInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Tala BallouzEpidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Oleg BlyussWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, England.
Polina BobkovaClinical Medicine (Pediatric Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Gouke BonselEuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Svetlana BorzakovaPirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow.
Danilo BuonsensoDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Denis ButnaruI. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Austin CarterInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Helen ChuDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
Cristina De RoseDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Mohamed Mustafa DiabCenter for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Emil EkbomUppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
Maha El TantawiPediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Victor FominRector's Office, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Robert FrithiofDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Aysylu GamirovaClinical Medicine (General Medicine Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Petr V GlybochkoAdministration Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Juanita A HaagsmaDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Shaghayegh Haghjooy JavanmardApplied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Erin B HamiltonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Gabrielle HarrisSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Majanka H Heijenbrok-KalDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Raimund HelbokDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Merel E HellemonsDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
David HillusDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Susanne M HuijtsDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Michael HultströmDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Waasila JassatDepartment of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Florian KurthDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Ing-Marie LarssonDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Miklós LipcseyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Chelsea LiuDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Callan D LoflinSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Andrei MalinovschiDepartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Wenhui MaoCenter for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Lyudmila MazankovaRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow.
Denise McCullochDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
Dominik MengesEpidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Noushin MohammadifardIsfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Daniel MunblitDepartment of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Nikita A NekliudovClinical Medicine (General Medicine Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Osondu OgbuojiDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Ismail M OsmanovPirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow.
José L PeñalvoDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Maria Skaalum PetersenDepartment of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
Milo A PuhanEpidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Mujibur RahmanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Verena RassDepartment of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Nickolas ReinigInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Gerard M RibbersDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Antonia RicchiutoDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Sten RubertssonDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Elmira SamitovaRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow.
Nizal SarrafzadeganIsfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Anastasia ShikhalevaClinical Medicine (Pediatric Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Kyle E SimpsonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Dario SinattiDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Joan B SorianoHospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
Ekaterina SpiridonovaClinical Medicine (General Medicine Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Fridolin SteinbeisDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Andrey A SvistunovAdministration Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Piero ValentiniDepartment of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Brittney J van de WaterDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Rita van den Berg-EmonsDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Ewa WallinDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Martin WitzenrathDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Yifan WuInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Hanzhang XuDepartment of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Thomas ZollerDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Christopher AdolphDepartment of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle.
James AlbrightInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Joanne O AmlagInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Aleksandr Y AravkinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Bree L Bang-JensenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Catherine BisignanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Rachel CastellanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Emma CastroInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Suman ChakrabartiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
James K CollinsInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Xiaochen DaiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Farah DaoudInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Carolyn DapperInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Amanda DeenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Bruce B DuncanPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Megan EricksonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Samuel B EwaldInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Alize J FerrariInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Abraham D FlaxmanInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Nancy FullmanInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Amiran GamkrelidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
John R GilesInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Gaorui GuoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Simon I HayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Jiawei HeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Monika HelakInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Erin N HullandInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Maia KereselidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Kris J KrohnInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Alice Lazzar-AtwoodInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Akiaja LindstromSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Rafael LozanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Deborah Carvalho MaltaDepartment of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Johan MånssonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Ana M Mantilla HerreraSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Ali H MokdadInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Lorenzo MonastaClinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
Shuhei NomuraDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Maja PasovicInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
David M PigottInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Robert C ReinerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Grace ReinkeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Antonio Luiz P RibeiroDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Damian Francesco SantomauroInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Aleksei SholokhovInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Emma Elizabeth SpurlockInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Rebecca WalcottEvans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle.
Ally WalkerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Charles Shey WiysongeCochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town.
Peng ZhengInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Janet Prvu BettgerDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Christopher J L MurrayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.

Funding

HOST DEFENSE TRAINING IN ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASEST32AI007044 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI DAVID Neal FREDRICKS · 1985 to 2026
$14.6M
Household contact tuberculosis preventive therapy program in rural Eastern Cape, South AfricaK23NR019019 · NINR · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI VAN DE WATER, BRITTNEY JAYNE · 2020 to 2022
$440k
NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007044NINR NIH HHS K23 NR019019
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: Some individuals experience persistent symptoms after initial symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (often referred to as Long COVID). Objective: To estimate the proportion of males and females with COVID-19, younger or older than 20 years of age, who had Long COVID symptoms in 2020 and 2021 and their Long COVID symptom duration. Design, Setting, and Participants: Bayesian meta-regression and pooling of 54 studies and 2 medical record databases with data for 1.2 million individuals (from 22 countries) who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 54 studies, 44 were published and 10 were collaborating cohorts (conducted in Austria, the Faroe Islands, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US). The participant data were derived from the 44 published studies (10 501 hospitalized individuals and 42 891 nonhospitalized individuals), the 10 collaborating cohort studies (10 526 and 1906), and the 2 US electronic medical record databases (250 928 and 846 046). Data collection spanned March 2020 to January 2022. Exposures: Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021, estimated separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age. Results: A total of 1.2 million individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (mean age, 4-66 years; males, 26%-88%). In the modeled estimates, 6.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.4%-13.3%) of individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced at least 1 of the 3 Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, including 3.2% (95% UI, 0.6%-10.0%) for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, 3.7% (95% UI, 0.9%-9.6%) for ongoing respiratory problems, and 2.2% (95% UI, 0.3%-7.6%) for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19, comprising an estimated 51.0% (95% UI, 16.9%-92.4%), 60.4% (95% UI, 18.9%-89.1%), and 35.4% (95% UI, 9.4%-75.1%), respectively, of Long COVID cases. The Long COVID symptom clusters were more common in women aged 20 years or older (10.6% [95% UI, 4.3%-22.2%]) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection than in men aged 20 years or older (5.4% [95% UI, 2.2%-11.7%]). Both sexes younger than 20 years of age were estimated to be affected in 2.8% (95% UI, 0.9%-7.0%) of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. The estimated mean Long COVID symptom cluster duration was 9.0 months (95% UI, 7.0-12.0 months) among hospitalized individuals and 4.0 months (95% UI, 3.6-4.6 months) among nonhospitalized individuals. Among individuals with Long COVID symptoms 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, an estimated 15.1% (95% UI, 10.3%-21.1%) continued to experience symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions and Relevance: This study presents modeled estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Indexed as

Cognition DisordersCOVID-19FatigueRespiratory InsufficiencyAdolescentAdultAgedBayes TheoremChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGlobal HealthHumansInternationalityMaleMiddle Aged

Identifiers

PMID36215063
PMCPMC9552043

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.