SGLT2 inhibitors suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition in podocytes under diabetic conditions

Loss of podocyte is a characteristic pathological change of diabetic nephropathy (DN) which is associated with increased proteinuria. Many studies have shown that novel inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2-is), such as dapagliflozin, exert nephroprotective effect on delaying DN progression. However, the mechanisms underlying SGLT2-associated podocyte injury are still not fully elucidated. Here, we generated streptozotocin-induced DN models and treated them with dapagliflozin to explore the possible mechanisms underlying SGLT2 regulation. Compared to mice with DN, dapagliflozin-treated mice exhibited remission of pathological lesions, including glomerular sclerosis, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), podocyte injury in the glomeruli, and decreased nephrotoxin levels accompanied by decreased SGLT2 expression. The mRNA expression profiles of these treated mice revealed the significance of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R)/PI3K regulatory axis in glomerular injury. KEGG analysis confirmed that the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and insulin signaling pathway were enriched. Western blotting showed that SGLT2-is inhibited the increase of mesenchymal markers (α-SMA, SNAI-1, and ZEB2) and the loss of podocyte markers (nephrin and E-cad). Additionally, SGLT2, IGF1R, phosphorylated PI3K, α-SMA, SNAI-1, and ZEB2 protein levels were increased in high glucose-stimulated human podocytes (HPC) and significantly decreased in dapagliflozin-treated (50 nM and 100 nM) or OSI-906-treated (inhibitor of IGF1R, 60 nM) groups. However, the use of both inhibitors did not enhance this protective effect. Next, we analyzed urine and plasma samples from a cohort consisting of 13 healthy people and 19 DN patients who were administered with (