ReviewCancers2022
Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Review in Cancers, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prognostic and predictive value of AFP in immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay as a gatekeeper of neoantigen expression: Bridging RNA surveillance and tumor immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Targeting SMYD2 improves immunotherapy response in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts to overcome stromal barriers in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Real-Time Detection of Immune System Early Activation during Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Controlled delivery of STING agonist and manganese ion in injectable PLGA implants for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Immune checkpoint biology in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Perfluorobutane-enhanced US Targeting M2 Tumor-associated Macrophages for Predicting Programmed Cell Death-1 Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Radiology. Imaging cancer · 2025Article
- Advances in Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prognostic impact of primary versus secondary resistance to sorafenib in patients with HCC.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Article
- Targeted Drug Nanodelivery and Immunotherapy for Combating Tumor Resistance.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: resistance mechanisms, liver transplantation challenges and management strategies.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals anti-tumor potency of CD56Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Fibroblast activation protein constitutes a novel target of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in solid tumors.Cancer science · 2024Review
- Pathologic assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of immunotherapy: a narrative review.Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition · 2024Review
- Recent Progress in Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Impact of Type of Lenvatinib Resistance on Prognosis and Second-Line Regimen in Patients with Virus-Associated HCC.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2024Article
- Editorial: Spatial immune cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. This review describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance and reports the ongoing therapeutic strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.