ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiota Signatures in Early Life and Their Association With Food Allergy: A Systematic Review.Allergy · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Verekitug, a Novel Antibody Antagonist to the TSLP Receptor in Adults with Asthma: A 32-Week Randomized Phase 1b Multiple Ascending-Dose Trial.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SM17 in healthy volunteers: results from pre-clinical models and a first-in-human, randomized, double blinded clinical trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Impacts of Environmental Pollutants on Innate Immunity: The Role of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of asthma: from bench to bedside.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Homeostatic Regulation of Lung Dendritic Cells at Steady State.Immune network · 2026Review
- Effects of Probiotics and Vitamin D Deficiency Correction on Clinical, Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Microbiota Profiles in Older Adults with Oral Lichen Planus: A Multi-Omics Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Tezepelumab in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Pathophysiology, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- SM17, an anti-interleukin-17 receptor B antibody, ameliorates pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisERJ open research · 2026Article
- Tezepelumab Reduces Alarmin Cytokine Levels in Upper Airway Epithelial Cells in Patients With Severe Asthma.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Inflammatory Macrophages with Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: A Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Asthma.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid interleukin-25, interleukin-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels for asthma development in children with recurrent wheezing.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Review
- Epithelial alarmins TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 in asthma pathogenesis: mechanistic roles and therapeutic implications.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Review
- An Ex Vivo Model of Post Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children Using Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelium.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Phosphodiesterase signaling in asthma: mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic strategies.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Targeting the Epithelial Alarmin Pathway with Tezepelumab in Highly Comorbid, Biologic-Experienced Severe Asthma: 52-Week Real-World Outcomes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- CRSwNP-derived cells retain native disease-relevant characteristics in vitro.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2026Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The exposure of the airway epithelium to external stimuli such as allergens, microbes, and air pollution triggers the release of the alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP interact with their ligands, IL-17RA, IL1RL1 and TSLPR respectively, expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including dendritic cells, ILC2 cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Alarmins play key roles in driving type 2-high, and to a lesser extent type 2-low responses, in asthma. In addition, studies in which each of these three alarmins were targeted in allergen-challenged mice showed decreased chronicity of type-2 driven disease. Consequently, ascertaining the mechanism of activity of these upstream mediators has implications for understanding the outcome of targeted therapies designed to counteract their activity and alleviate downstream type 2-high and low effector responses. Furthermore, identifying the factors which shift the balance between the elicitation of type 2-high, eosinophilic asthma and type-2 low, neutrophilic-positive/negative asthma by alarmins is essential. In support of these efforts, observations from the NAVIGATOR trial imply that targeting TSLP in patients with tezepelumab results in reduced asthma exacerbations, improved lung function and control of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms surrounding the secretion of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP from the airway epithelium and how this influences the allergic airway cascade. We also review in detail how alarmin-receptor/co-receptor interactions modulate downstream allergic inflammation. Current strategies which target alarmins, their efficacy and inflammatory phenotype will be discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.