SynthesisNutrients2022
Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid (SolowaysNutrients · 2023Trial
- Association of altered plasma long-chain fatty acids with migraine-related disability: a clinical cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanistic Insights and Health Implications.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Review
- Effect of Diet and Dietary Patterns on the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Recent advances in food, nutrition & agriculture · 2025Review
- Article
- Natural products in atherosclerosis therapy by targeting PPARs: a review focusing on lipid metabolism and inflammation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Review
- Modulation of Gut Microbiome Community Mitigates Multiple Sclerosis in a Mouse Model: The Promising Role ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Free fatty acids and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are correlated with chronic inflammation in obesity.Lipids in health and disease · 2023Article
- Impairment of Endogenous Synthesis of Omega-3 DHA Exacerbates T-Cell Inflammatory Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Association Between Improved Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Cognitive Function During a Dietary Intervention Trial in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of MS careArticle
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2024-09-26Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation on inflammatory gene expression (IGE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are becoming more evident. However, an overview of the results from randomized controlled trials is lacking. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid intake on MS (based on the criteria of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and inflammatory gene expression (IGE). A search was conducted of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for cohort studies published from the inception of the database up to May 2022 that assessed the associations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with EDSS and inflammatory gene expression (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8)) outcomes. For the highest vs. lowest comparison, the relative risk (RR) estimates with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using the random-effect model. In total, 13 cohort studies with 1353 participants were included in the meta-analysis during periods of 3 to 144 weeks. A significant inverse relationship was found between DHA and EDSS scores (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.48; p < 0.00001). Our results also showed that omega-3 FAs significantly upregulated the gene expression of PPAR-γ (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.38; p < 0.03) and downregulated the expression of TNF-α (RR: −0.15; 95% CI: −0.99, 0.70; p < 0.00001) and IL-1 (RR: −0.60; 95% CI: −1.02, −0.18; p < 0.003). There was no clear evidence of publication bias with Egger’s tests for inflammatory gene expression (p = 0.266). Moreover, n-3 PUFAs and EPA were not significantly associated with EDSS scores (p > 0.05). In this meta-analysis of cohort studies, blood omega-3 FA concentrations were inversely related to inflammatory gene expression (IGE) and EDSS score, which indicates that they may hold great potential markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of MS. However, further clinical trials are required to confirm the potential effects of the omega-3 FAs on MS disease management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.