ReviewClinical and experimental immunology2022
A close-up on the expanding landscape of CD21-/low B cells in humans.
Review in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond B cells: T and Innate Immune Mechanisms of Autoimmunity in Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Inflammatory Arthritis.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Human CD21Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- C5 inhibition restores B cell homeostasis and humoral immunity in CHAPLE disease patients.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Impact of intravitreal bevacizumab on immune cells in neovascular age related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Atypical B cells and inflammatory profiles delineate immunity to influenza vaccination in First Nations and non-Indigenous people with chronic multimorbidity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immune-related actinopathies at the cross-road of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and autoinflammation.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- CD21Frontiers in aging · 2026Article
- Clinical impact and therapeutic potential of tertiary lymphoid structures in melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Expanding the spectrum of Sideroblastic Anemia with B-cell Immunodeficiency, Periodic Fever and Developmental Delay (SIFD) syndrome: a case report with new clinical insights and novel genetic variant.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Clinical inflammatory shifts and peripheral flow-cytometry immune modules across benign pulmonary nodules, adenocarcinoma-spectrum nodules, and overt lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Age-related and disease-specific changes in B-cell profiles in older adults with immune thrombocytopenia.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- FCRL5, a B-Cell Marker With Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Value for Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Novel Pretreatment Autoantibodies Correlate with Enfortumab Vedotin-Related Dermatologic Events in Patients with Advanced Urothelial Cancer.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Aberrant B cell receptor signaling responses in circulating double-negative 2 B cells from radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- B Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis of the CD21European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Epstein-Barr virus BALF0/1 subverts the Caveolin and ERAD pathways to target B cell receptor complexes for degradation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Circulating B cells display differential immune regulatory molecule expression in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Case Report: A patient with a novel heterozygous IRF8 variant with repeated infection and immune-mediated organ disease, but without disseminated mycobacterial disease despite BCG immunization.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are an essential part of our immunological memory. They respond fast upon re-encountering pathogens and can differentiate into plasma cells that secrete protective antibodies. The focus of this review is on MBCs that lack, or express low levels of, CD21, hereafter referred to as CD21-/low. These cells are expanded in peripheral blood with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions such as viral infections, malaria, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune diseases. CD21-/low MBCs have gained significant attention; they produce disease-specific antibodies/autoantibodies and associate with key disease manifestations in some conditions. These cells can be divided into subsets based on classical B-cell and other markers, e.g. CD11c, FcRL4, and Tbet which, over the years, have become hallmarks to identify these cells. This has resulted in different names including age-associated, autoimmune-associated, atypical, tissue-like, tissue-resident, tissue-restricted, exhausted, or simply CD21-/low B cells. It is however unclear whether the expanded 'CD21-/low' cells in one condition are equivalent to those in another, whether they express an identical gene signature and whether they have a similar function. Here, we will discuss these issues with the goal to understand whether the CD21-/low B cells are comparable in different conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.