ArticlePlant direct2022
Live-cell imaging of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane using fluorescent dyes.
Article in Plant direct, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selective degradation processes in plants are not limited to autophagy.Plant cell reports · 2026Review
- Investigations of Diclofenac Sorption on Intact and ModifiedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Fluorescence staining of the nucleus in living plant cells using dimidium bromide.Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Identification of CCR4C as a chloroplast-localized NADP(H) phosphatase regulating NAD(P)(H) balance inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Autophagy plays a dual role in chromoplast transition and degradation and is essential for fruit coloration and ripening.Autophagy · 2025Article
- Imaging Plant Lipids with Fluorescent Reporters.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Nervous necrosis virus induced vacuolization is a Rab5- and actin-dependent process.Virulence · 2024Article
- Fluorescein staining of chloroplast starch granules in living plants.Plant physiology · 2024Article
- Live-cell imaging of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane using fluorescent dyes.Plant direct · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles composed of sub-organellar compartments-stroma, thylakoids, and starch granules-and are surrounded by outer and inner envelope membranes (OEM and IEM, respectively). The chloroplast OEM and IEM play key roles not only as a barrier separating the chloroplast components from the cytosol but also in the interchange of numerous metabolites and proteins between the chloroplast interior and the cytosol. Fluorescent protein markers for the chloroplast OEM have been widely used to visualize the outermost border of chloroplasts. However, the use of marker proteins requires an established cellular genetic transformation method, which limits the plant species in which marker proteins can be used. Moreover, the high accumulation of OEM marker proteins often elicits abnormal morphological phenotypes of the OEM. Because the OEM can currently only be visualized using exogenous marker proteins, the behaviors of the chloroplast and/or its OEM remain unknown in wild-type cells of various plant species. Here, we visualized the OEM using live-cell staining with the fluorescent dyes rhodamine B and Nile red in several plant species, including crops. We propose rhodamine B and Nile red as new tools for visualizing the chloroplast OEM in living plant cells that do not require genetic transformation. Significance Statement: We established a live-cell imaging method to visualize the chloroplast outer envelope membrane by staining living cells with fluorescent dyes. This method does not require genetic transformation and allows the observation of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane in various plant species.
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