ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Why vaccines fail against
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synergistic Protection of Atlantic Salmon Against Caligus Rogercresseyi and Piscirickettsia Salmonis Using IPath® and Commercial Vaccines.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS) in Farmed Salmon: The Role of Sea Lice Infestations in Mortality Risk.Journal of fish diseases · 2026Article
- Sulfated Chitosan Induces Membrane Disruption, Aggregation, and Antibiofilm Activity inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Silybin Interferes with the Intracellular Replication ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Antibiotic use in Chilean salmon aquaculture: antimicrobial resistance, sustainability, and One Health implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Comparative Analysis of Muscle Metabolome and Amino Acid Profiles in All-Female Rainbow Trout (Biology · 2025Article
- Transferrin knockout reveals a tolerance phenotype against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon phagocytes.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Know Your Enemy:Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Differential Transcriptomic Profile ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS) disease dynamics and Atlantic salmon immune response to Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89 and EM-90 co-infection.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Vaccines · 2024Article
- The effect of PACAP administration on LPS-induced cytokine expression in the Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cell line.Fish and shellfish immunology reports · 2023Article
- IgYs: on her majesty's secret service.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the most severe, persistent, and damaging disease that has affected the Chilean salmon industry since its origins in the 1980s. As a preventive strategy for this disease, different vaccines have been developed and used over the last 30 years. However, vaccinated salmon and trout frequently die in the sea cages and the use of antibiotics is still high demonstrating the low efficiency of the available vaccines. The reasons why the vaccines fail so often are still debated, but it could involve different extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Among the extrinsic factors, mainly associated with chronic stress, we can distinguish: 1) biotic including coinfection with sea lice, sealions attacks or harmful algal blooms; 2) abiotic including low oxygen or high temperature; and 3) farm-management factors including overcrowding or chemical delousing treatments. Among the intrinsic factors, we can distinguish: 1) fish-related factors including host's genetic variability (species, population and individual), sex or age; 2) pathogen-related factors including their variability and ability to evade host immune responses; and 3) vaccine-related factors including low immunogenicity and poor matches with the circulating pathogen strain. Based on the available evidence, in order to improve the development and the efficacy of vaccines against
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.