ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
The adaptive immune system in early life: The shift makes it count.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of humidity and precipitation with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Pooled it
- Adelmidrol to fight upper airways inflammation in children: a pilot case control study to safety and efficacy.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Trial
- T-cell responses to primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Down syndrome - From childhood to adulthood.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Observational
- Diurnal variations of fever in children: results from an app-based observational study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Human neonatal MR1T cells have more diverse TCR repertoires but reduced bacterial recognition than adult MR1T cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics identifies key immune-suppressive cells and their driver genes in the bladder cancer microenvironment with prognostic implications.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Onasemnogene Abeparvovec in Patients With SMA: Interim Results of the RESTORE Registry in Japan.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Immunological differences in atopic dermatitis across age groups: insights from single-cell multi-omics.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Population-specific heterogeneity in ontogeny of the broadly-conserved blood transcriptional program during the first week of life.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacterial-Derived Immunomodulators as a Preventive Strategy for Viral Respiratory Tract Infections and Associated Wheezing or Asthma in Children: A Targeted Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictors of Length of Hospital Stay Among Under-Five Children with Clinical Pneumonia at a Rural Tertiary Hospital Setting in South Africa.Pediatric reports · 2026Article
- Mapping Infant Immunity with Minimal Input: Integrative Single-cell and Multiomic Profiling.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2026Article
- Article
- Development of a pediatric immune cell atlas and characterization of CD4+ T cells in food allergy.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Review
- Oropouche Virus (OROV) Vaccine Development for Vulnerable Populations: Epidemiological Context, Challenges and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Fetal and Neonatal Immune Response to Congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV) Infection: A Systematically Conducted Scoping Review.Viruses · 2026Article
- Improving Vaccine Knowledge Among Adolescents: A Pre-Post School-Based Educational Intervention in Southern Italy.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Helios expression in naive CD4+ T cells decreases from neonates to older adults.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- Splenectomy revisited in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in the era of HSCT and gene therapy: a bridge, a rescue, or simply obsolete?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases encountered early in life may result in life-threatening disease in neonates, which is primarily explained by the relatively naive neonatal immune system. Whereas vaccines are not readily available for all infectious diseases, vaccinations have greatly reduced childhood mortality. However, repeated vaccinations are required to reach protective immunity in infants and not all vaccinations are effective at young age. Moreover, protective adaptive immunity elicited by vaccination wanes more rapidly at young age compared to adulthood. The infant adaptive immune system has previously been considered immature but this paradigm has changed during the past years. Recent evidence shows that the early life adaptive immune system is equipped with a strong innate-like effector function to eliminate acute pathogenic threats. These strong innate-like effector capacities are in turn kept in check by a tolerogenic counterpart of the adaptive system that may have evolved to maintain balance and to reduce collateral damage. In this review, we provide insight into these aspects of the early life's adaptive immune system by addressing recent literature. Moreover, we speculate that this shift from innate-like and tolerogenic adaptive immune features towards formation of immune memory may underlie different efficacy of infant vaccination in these different phases of immune development. Therefore, presence of innate-like and tolerogenic features of the adaptive immune system may be used as a biomarker to improve vaccination strategies against respiratory and other infections in early life.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.