SynthesisPloS one2022
Effect of salt reduction interventions in lowering blood pressure: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effectiveness of self-monitoring devices measuring the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, urinary salt (sodium) excretion, or salt concentration in foods for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Pooled it
- Sodium reduction and salt substitutes: impact on blood pressure and recurrent stroke.Current opinion in cardiology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of potassium-containing low-sodium salt substitutes for cardiovascular disease prevention in mixed adult populations: an umbrella review.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Updates in the 2025 AHA/ACC Hypertension Guideline.Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Dietary and Physical Activity Approaches to the Management of High Blood Pressure.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Pattern of salt intake among Iranian hypertensive patients: insights from the 2021 STEPS study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Mental disorders after myocardial infarction: potential mediator role for chemokines in heart-brain interaction?Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC · 2024Article
- Dissociation of Hypertension and Renal Damage After Cessation of High-Salt Diet in Dahl Rats.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Article
- Association between sodium and potassium excretion estimated from spot urine and socioeconomic status among primary school children and their mothers in Okinawa, Japan.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Technology-supported behavior change interventions for reducing sodium intake in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Review
- Low-Salt Diet Regulates the Metabolic and Signal Transduction Genomic Fabrics, and Remodels the Cardiac Normal and Chronic Pathological Pathways.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Evaluating the role of salt intake in achieving WHO NCD targets in the Eurasian Economic Union: A PRIME modeling study.PloS one · 2023Article
- The Jamaica Salt Consumption Study Protocol: Sodium Intake; Sodium Content in Restaurant Foods; Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices; Spot Urine Sodium Validation.F1000Research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExcessive salt intake results in hypertension (HTN), which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of salt reduction interventions on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
methodsStudies were identified via systematic searches of the databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. All the studies examining the effectiveness of salt reduction interventions on blood pressure (BP), regardless of age, sex, and HTN status, were included in the systematic review, and eligible studies were used in the meta-analysis. A random-effect model was applied for quantitative data synthesis.
resultsA total of 50 trials extracted from 40 articles (21 trials on nutrition education,10 on self-help materials,17 on salt substitutes, and 2 on food reformulation) were included in the systematic review. The pooled results of 44 eligible trials showed that salt substitution and nutrition education interventions had significant effects on both SBP (WMD: -7.44 mmHg, P<0.001 and WMD: -2.75 mmHg, P<0.001, respectively), and DBP (WMD: -3.77 mmHg, P<0.001 and WMD: -2.11 mmHg, P<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, using self-help materials led to a significant reduction in SBP among subjects aged 25-60 years (WMD: -2.60 mmHg, P = 0.008); it also decreased both SBP and DBP among those who were hypertensive (WMD: -3.87 mmHg, P = 0.003 and WMD: -2.91 mmHg, P<0.001, respectively).
conclusionOur results supported that salt substitution and nutrition education are effective nutrition strategies to lower BP. It seems that multi-component approaches could be more effective in improving BP status. However, further trials are required.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.