ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
SARS-CoV-2 infection of phagocytic immune cells and COVID-19 pathology: Antibody-dependent as well as independent cell entry.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic effects of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on pathogenesis: single-cell meta-analysis.mSphere · 2023Pooled it
- B Cell Receptor's function in virus entry: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 B cell receptors can mediate viral entry in an ACE2-independent mechanism.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- FcγR-ACE2 cooperative antibody-dependent enhancement in human and veterinary coronaviruses: mechanistic insights, comparative immunology, and implications for nano-engineered immunomodulatory platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike triggers TLR7-dependent endolysosome dysfunction and senescence in human astrocytes.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Advancements in Targeted Quantum Dots Structures for Enhanced Cancer Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The Etiopathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease: Evolving Understanding of Diverse Triggers.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Anti-interferon armamentarium of human coronaviruses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- Predictive biosignatures for hospitalization in patients with virologically confirmed COVID-19.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- Expression of metabolic genes in NK cells is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19: a brief report.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Antibodies to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike mediate productive infection of primary human macrophages.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Testosterone and estradiol reduce inflammation of human macrophages induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.European journal of immunology · 2024Article
- Enhanced Assessment of Cross-Reactive Antigenic Determinants within the Spike Protein.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Single-Cell Profiling of the Differential In Vivo Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Lung Tissue Cell Subtypes at the Protein Level.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Stimulates Macropinocytosis in Murine and Human Macrophages via PKC-NADPH Oxidase Signaling.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Review: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Viral Infections.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Exploring the Immunomodulatory Properties of Stem Cells in Combating COVID-19: Can We Expect More?Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Macrophage-Specific Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Deletion Enhances Macrophage M1 Polarity in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review of therapeutic mechanisms and applications based on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Central role of lung macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 physiopathology: a cross-model single-cell RNA-seq perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Our review summarizes the evidence that COVID-19 can be complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells. This evidence is widespread and accumulating at an increasing rate. Research teams from around the world, studying primary and established cell cultures, animal models, and analyzing autopsy material from COVID-19 deceased patients, are seeing the same thing, namely that some immune cells are infected or capable of being infected with the virus. Human cells most vulnerable to infection include both professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, such as B-cells. Convincing evidence has accumulated to suggest that the virus can infect monocytes and macrophages, while data on infection of dendritic cells and B-cells are still scarce. Viral infection of immune cells can occur directly through cell receptors, but it can also be mediated or enhanced by antibodies through the Fc gamma receptors of phagocytic cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) most likely occurs during the primary encounter with the pathogen through the first COVID-19 infection rather than during the second encounter, which is characteristic of ADE caused by other viruses. Highly fucosylated antibodies of vaccinees seems to be incapable of causing ADE, whereas afucosylated antibodies of persons with acute primary infection or convalescents are capable. SARS-CoV-2 entry into immune cells can lead to an abortive infection followed by host cell pyroptosis, and a massive inflammatory cascade. This scenario has the most experimental evidence. Other scenarios are also possible, for which the evidence base is not yet as extensive, namely productive infection of immune cells or trans-infection of other non-immune permissive cells. The chance of a latent infection cannot be ruled out either.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.