ReviewPharmaceutics2022
Biologic Functions of Hydroxychloroquine in Disease: From COVID-19 to Cancer.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine and pregnancy outcomes in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.RMD open · 2025Pooled it
- A stress-adaptive lipid kinase axis defines metabolic vulnerabilities in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.Cancer cell · 2026Article
- A Stress-Adaptive Lipid Kinase Axis Defines Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Photocaged Chloroquine Derivatives for the Light-Dependent Inhibition of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Chloroquine Potentiates the Chemotherapeutic Effect of Carboplatin and ATR/Chk1 Inhibitors by Increasing the Replication Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Hydroxychloroquine reduces metastatic tumor burden in pancreatic adenocarcinoma through myeloperoxidase inhibition.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the effects of pre-exposure treatment with hydroxychloroquine on the risk of COVID-19 infection and on the efficacy of anti-COVID-19 vaccination during lupus or Gougerot-Sjögren's disease: Prepcov multicentre trial.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Immune Modulation Strategies in Gene Therapy: Overcoming Immune Barriers and Enhancing Efficacy.Current gene therapy · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Insights and Therapeutic Potential.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Chloroquine and Chemotherapeutic Compounds in Experimental Cancer Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Evaluation of link between COVID-19 adjacent spike in hydroxychloroquine use and increased reports of pemphigus: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- A comprehensive, population level evaluation of previously reported drug triggers of pemphigus highlights immunomodulatory capacity as a common characteristic.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- The OSR9 Regimen: A New Augmentation Strategy for Osteosarcoma Treatment Using Nine Older Drugs from General Medicine to Inhibit Growth Drive.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Sex-specific differences in primary Sjögren's disease.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), initially utilized in the treatment of malaria, have now developed a long list of applications. Despite their clinical relevance, their mechanisms of action are not clearly defined. Major pathways by which these agents are proposed to function include alkalinization of lysosomes and endosomes, downregulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) inhibition, alteration of intracellular calcium, and prevention of thrombus formation. However, there is conflicting data present in the literature. This is likely the result of the complex overlapping pathways between these mechanisms of action that have not previously been highlighted. In fact, prior research has focused on very specific portions of particular pathways without describing these in the context of the extensive CQ/HCQ literature. This review summarizes the detailed data regarding CQ/HCQ's mechanisms of action while also providing insight into the overarching themes. Furthermore, this review provides clinical context to the application of these diverse drugs including their role in malaria, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, thrombus formation, malignancies, and viral infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.