ArticleDevelopmental and comparative immunology2023
The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 signals via Tlr2 in zebrafish.
Article in Developmental and comparative immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral Innate Immunity and the Role of Oral Epithelial Cells.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- The role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in the pathophysiology of brain vessel dysfunction associated with infection and cholesterol dysregulation.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Article
- Review
- Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a Potential Therapeutic Target.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins trigger pain via TLR2/4-MyD88 pathway.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Review
- Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- An Immunoinformatic Approach for Identifying and Designing Conserved Multi-Epitope Vaccines for Coronaviruses.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Zebrafish as a model organism for virus disease research: Current status and future directions.Heliyon · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2: A Glance at the Innate Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Vaccination.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Animal models of silicosis: fishing for new therapeutic targets and treatments.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Review
- Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of the most studied defense mechanisms against invading pathogens, including viruses, are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Among them, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 detect different forms of viral nucleic acids in endosomal compartments, whereas TLR2 and TLR4 recognize viral structural and nonstructural proteins outside the cell. Although many different TLRs have been shown to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and detection of different structural proteins, most studies have been performed in vitro and the results obtained are rather contradictory. In this study, we report using the unique advantages of the zebrafish model for in vivo imaging and gene editing that the S1 domain of the Spike protein from the Wuhan strain (S1WT) induced hyperinflammation in zebrafish larvae via a Tlr2/Myd88 signaling pathway and independently of interleukin-1β production. In addition, S1WT also triggered emergency myelopoiesis, but in this case through a Tlr2/Myd88-independent signaling pathway. These results shed light on the mechanisms involved in the fish host responses to viral proteins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.