ReviewMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)2022
Monitoring of the Forgotten Immune System during Critical Illness-A Narrative Review.
Review in Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of invasive fungal infection in critically Ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Re-evaluating cytokine storm syndromes: dysregulated host defense or contextual immune adaptation?European cytokine network · 2026Review
- TREC dynamics as a biomarker of naive T-cell homeostasis in traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- A case-control study on the diagnostic role of Omega-3 fatty acid levels in erythrocyte membranes of critically ill patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between prognostic nutritional index and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective study based on MIMIC-IV database.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Monitoring of deep lymphocyte phenotypes in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with severe malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.Critical care science · 2025Article
- Article
- Monitoring Immune Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients with Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Artificial Intelligence to Close the Gap between Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Targets and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: A Narrative Review on Beta Lactams.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Hospital-Onset Sepsis Warrants Expanded Investigation and Consideration as a Unique Clinical Entity.Chest · 2024Review
- Soluble Neuropilin-1 Is Elevated in Sepsis and Correlates with Organ Dysfunction and Long-Term Mortality in Critical Illness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Neutrophil CD64 index as a new early predictive biomarker for infected pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Diagnosis and management of invasive fungal diseases in non-neutropenic ICU patients, with focus on candidiasis and aspergillosis: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Basophils absence predicts poor prognosis and indicates immunosuppression of patients in intensive care units.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune organ failure is frequent in critical illness independent of its cause and has been acknowledged for a long time. Most patients admitted to the ICU, whether featuring infection, trauma, or other tissue injury, have high levels of alarmins expression in tissues or systemically which then activate innate and adaptive responses. Although necessary, this response is frequently maladaptive and leads to organ dysfunction. In addition, the counter-response aiming to restore homeostasis and repair injury can also be detrimental and contribute to persistent chronic illness. Despite intensive research on this topic in the last 40 years, the immune system is not routinely monitored in critical care units. In this narrative review we will first discuss the inflammatory response after acute illness and the players of maladaptive response, focusing on neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. We will then go through commonly used biomarkers, like C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and pancreatic stone protein (PSP) and what they monitor. Next, we will discuss the strengths and limitations of flow cytometry and related techniques as an essential tool for more in-depth immune monitoring and end with a presentation of the most promising cell associated markers, namely HLA-DR expression on monocytes, neutrophil expression of CD64 and PD-1 expression on T cells. In sum, immune monitoring critically ill patients is a forgotten and missing piece in the monitoring capacity of intensive care units. New technology, including bed-side equipment and in deep cell phenotyping using emerging multiplexing techniques will likely allow the definition of endotypes and a more personalized care in the future.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.