ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2022
Microvascular significance of TGF-β axis activation in COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proteomics and human microchips identify Thrombospondin-1 as a potential biomarker for calciphylaxis stem cell therapy.iScience · 2026Article
- Pulmonary fibrosis in post-COVID-19: epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a key mechanism and target for therapy.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Revisiting the monocrotaline-treated rat as a model of inflammatory lung disease: COVID-19 and future pandemic threats?Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Computational Drug Repurposing Screening Targeting Profibrotic Cytokine in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Hematologic and Immunologic Overlap Between COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Long COVID and Biomarker Dysregulation-A Shift Toward Immune Exhaustion?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Protein swarm-based cause-effect analysis: effects of microRNAs on cooperation networks linking COVID-19 infections, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Aberrant innate immune profile associated with COVID-19 mortality in Pretoria, South Africa.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 plasma induces subcellular remodelling within the pulmonary microvascular endothelium.Vascular pharmacology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Glutathione in Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Immunothrombosis and Cytokine Dysregulation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Longitudinal plasma proteomics reveals biomarkers of alveolar-capillary barrier disruption in critically ill COVID-19 patients.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Intracellular peptides in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.iScience · 2023Article
- Expression and Function of BMP and Activin Membrane-Bound Inhibitor (BAMBI) in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As 2023 approaches, the COVID-19 pandemic has killed millions. While vaccines have been a crucial intervention, only a few effective medications exist for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in breakthrough cases or in unvaccinated or immunocompromised patients. SARS-CoV-2 displays early and unusual features of micro-thrombosis and immune dysregulation that target endothelial beds of the lungs, skin, and other organs. Notably, anticoagulation improves outcomes in some COVID-19 patients. The protein transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) has constitutive roles in maintaining a healthy microvasculature through its roles in regulating inflammation, clotting, and wound healing. However, after infection (including viral infection) TGF-β1 activation may augment coagulation, cause immune dysregulation, and direct a path toward tissue fibrosis. Dysregulation of TGF-β signaling in immune cells and its localization in areas of microvascular injury are now well-described in COVID-19, and such events may contribute to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and skin micro-thrombosis outcomes frequently seen in severe COVID-19. The high concentration of TGF-β in platelets and in other cells within microvascular thrombi, its ability to activate the clotting cascade and dysregulate immune pathways, and its pro-fibrotic properties all contribute to a unique milieu in the COVID-19 microvasculature. This unique environment allows for propagation of microvascular clotting and immune dysregulation. In this review we summarize the physiological functions of TGF-β and detail the evidence for its effects on the microvasculature in COVID-19. In addition, we explore the potential role of existing TGF-β inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 associated microvascular thrombosis and immune dysregulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.