ArticleTissue engineering. Part C, Methods2023
Optimization of Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogel Microspheres for Substantially Improved Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Capabilities.
Article in Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fresh 3D Printing of Spanlastics Hydrogel for Drug Delivery Applications In Vitro.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Facile and Green Fabrication of Porous Hydrogels Based on Gelatin Microsphere Porogens for 3D Immune Cell Culture.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrating Additive and Traditional Manufacturing for Multiscale Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration: Current and Future Developments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Narrative review of 3D bioprinting for the construction ofTranslational cancer research · 2025Review
- Gel-Based Suspension Medium Used in 3D Bioprinting for Constructing Tissue/Organ Analogs.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Application of artificial intelligence in 3D printing physical organ models.Materials today. Bio · 2023Review
- Biomaterials / bioinks and extrusion bioprinting.Bioactive materials · 2023Review
- Advances in 3D Bioprinting: Techniques, Applications, and Future Directions for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Naturally Derived Hydrogels for the Production of Biomimetic Living Tissues: Benefits and Challenges.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting demonstrates technology that is capable of producing structures comparable to native tissues in the human body. The freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) technique involves hydrogel-based bio-inks printed within a thermo-reversible support bath to provide mechanical strength to the printed construct. Smaller and more uniform microsphere sizes of FRESH were reported to aid in enhancing printing resolution and construct accuracy. Therefore, we sought to optimize the FRESH generation protocol, particularly by varying stir speed and stir duration, in hopes to further improve microsphere size and uniformity. We observed optimal conditions at a stir speed of 600 rpm and stir duration for 20 h that generated the smallest microspheres with the best uniformity. Comparison of using the optimized FRESH to the commercial FRESH LifeSupport to bioprint single filament and geometrical constructs revealed reduced single filament diameters and higher angular precision in the optimized FRESH bio-printed constructs compared with those printed in the commercial FRESH. Overall, our refinement of the FRESH manufacturing protocol represents an important step toward enhancing 3D bioprinting resolution and construct fidelity. Improving such technologies allows for the fabrication of highly accurate constructs with anatomical properties similar to native counterparts. Such work has significant implications in the field of tissue engineering for producing accurate human organ model systems. Impact statement Freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) is a method of sacrificial three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting that offers support to reinforce bio-ink extrusion during printing. During FRESH generation, the stir speed and stir duration of the mixture can significantly impact FRESH microsphere characteristics. In this study, we optimized FRESH microspheres to significantly improve resolution and accuracy in bioprinting. This advancement in FRESH-based 3D bioprinting technologies allows for the fabrication of highly accurate constructs with anatomical properties similar to native counterparts and has significant implications in the field of tissue engineering and translational medicine.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.