Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36738249›Full record

Trial reportClinical chemistry2023

Performance of the Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) in Type 2 Diabetes.

Michael Fang, Dan Wang, Mary R Rooney, Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui, Josef Coresh, R Nisha Aurora, Naresh M Punjabi, Elizabeth Selvin

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readClinical Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Clinical chemistry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02454153 (Hyperglycemic Profiles in Obstructive Sleep Apnea), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.4field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02454153 nacompletednot on this map

Hyperglycemic Profiles in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Effects of PAP Therapy

TypeinterventionalSponsorJohns Hopkins UniversityRan2014 to 2020Enrolled184ConditionsSleep Apnea, DiabetesArmsREMStar Positive Airway Pressure, LifeStyle Counseling
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. [Diabetes technology (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026
    Guideline
  2. Trial
  3. A Structured Narrative Review of the OSA-T2DM Axis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Observational
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Michael FangDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2849-1780
Dan WangDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Mary R RooneyDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5607-4848
Justin B Echouffo-TcheuguiDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8460-1617
Josef CoreshDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
R Nisha AuroraDepartment of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Naresh M PunjabiDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
Elizabeth SelvinDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6923-7151
Johns Hopkins University · USRutgers, The State University of New Jersey · USUniversity of Miami · US

Funding

Effects of the DASH diet on glucose patterns in adults with type 2 diabetesR01DK128900 · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$553k
NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL118414NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL153774NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL152440NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL117167NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL146709NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG074044NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK128837NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK128900
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe glucose management indicator (GMI) is an estimated measure of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) recommended for the management of persons with diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). However, GMI was derived primarily in young adults with type 1 diabetes, and its performance in patients with type 2 diabetes is poorly characterized.

methodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in 144 adults with obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes not using insulin (mean age: 59.4 years; 45.1% female). HbA1c was measured at the study screening visit. Participants simultaneously wore 2 CGM sensors (Dexcom G4 and Abbott Libre Pro) for up to 4 weeks (2 weeks at baseline and 2 weeks at the 3-month follow-up visit). GMI was calculated using all available CGM data for each sensor.

resultsMedian wear time was 27 days (IQR: 23-29) for the Dexcom G4 and 28 days (IQR: 24-29) for the Libre Pro. The mean difference between HbA1c and GMI was small (0.12-0.14 percentage points) (approximately 2 mmol/mol). However, the 2 measures were only moderately correlated (r = 0.68-0.71), and there was substantial variability in GMI at any given value of HbA1c (root mean squared error: 0.66-0.69 percentage points [7 to 8 mmol/mol]). Between 36% and 43% of participants had an absolute difference between HbA1c and GMI ≥0.5 percentage points (≥5 mmol/mol), and 9% to 18% had an absolute difference >1 percentage points (>11 mmol/mol). Discordance was higher in the Libre Pro than the Dexcom G4.

conclusionsGMI may be an unreliable measure of glycemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes and should be interpreted cautiously in clinical practice.Clinicaltrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02454153.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2HypoglycemiaBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringFemaleGlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesYoung AdultBlood GlucoseGlucoseGlycated HemoglobinContinuous glucose monitoringGlucose management indicatorGlycated hemoglobinperformancetype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID36738249
PMCPMC10073330
OpenAlexW4319164460

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.