SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2023
Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Micronutrients, Vitamin D, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Causal Inference Studies.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Definitions and symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome: an updated systematic umbrella review.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: Part II. Outcomes in Omicron and risk-benefit for self-care.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Bone Mineral Density, Bone Biomarkers, and Joints in Acute, Post, and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Treatment with Sulodexide Downregulates Biomarkers for Endothelial Dysfunction in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisTrial
- Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID: Current Evidence, Emerging Concepts, and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Folic Acid and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emerging trends in post-COVID immune dysregulation: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Exploratory comparison of PASC and SARS-CoV-2 infection through metabolomics and lipidomics in early pandemic and Omicron-era.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of BAY 11-7082 in SARS-CoV-2 infection via inhibition of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Tea Polyphenols in the COVID-19 Era: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Challenges.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of Toujie Quwen Granules in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A prospective cohort study of 156 cases.Chinese herbal medicines · 2026Article
- Impaired peripheral oxygen delivery during submaximal exercise in adults with long COVID.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Post-infection sequelae of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases-a nationwide Danish study with 40-month follow-up.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long-COVID: assessment of circulating markers suggests no cerebral neuronal damage, neuroinflammation or systemic inflammation-a controlled study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- IL-6 Receptor Antagonists and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes: An Emulated Target Trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of nutrition on long COVID.Sports medicine and health science · 2026Review
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, refers to the constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by people suffering persistent symptoms for one or more months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood biomarkers can be altered in long COVID patients; however, biomarkers associated with long COVID symptoms and their roles in disease progression remain undetermined. This study aims to systematically evaluate blood biomarkers that may act as indicators or therapeutic targets for long COVID. Methods: A systematic literature review in PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL was performed on 18 August 2022. The search keywords long COVID-19 symptoms and biomarkers were used to filter out the eligible studies, which were then carefully evaluated. Results: Identified from 28 studies and representing six biological classifications, 113 biomarkers were significantly associated with long COVID: (1) Cytokine/Chemokine (38, 33.6%); (2) Biochemical markers (24, 21.2%); (3) Vascular markers (20, 17.7%); (4) Neurological markers (6, 5.3%); (5) Acute phase protein (5, 4.4%); and (6) Others (20, 17.7%). Compared with healthy control or recovered patients without long COVID symptoms, 79 biomarkers were increased, 29 were decreased, and 5 required further determination in the long COVID patients. Of these, up-regulated Interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha might serve as the potential diagnostic biomarkers for long COVID. Moreover, long COVID patients with neurological symptoms exhibited higher levels of neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein whereas those with pulmonary symptoms exhibited a higher level of transforming growth factor beta. Conclusion: Long COVID patients present elevated inflammatory biomarkers after initial infection. Our study found significant associations between specific biomarkers and long COVID symptoms. Further investigations are warranted to identify a core set of blood biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and manage long COVID patients in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.