ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Inflammation and the Potential Implication of Macrophage-Microglia Polarization in Human ASD: An Overview.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prenatal and Lactation Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) at the Global Mean Daily Intake Level Leads to Sex-Dependent Changes in Microglial State, Gene Expression, and Behavioral Patterns in Newborn and Juvenile Wistar Rat Offspring.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Role of Mast Cells and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of the Developmental Period.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Non-gene-edited neural stem cells reverse neuroinflammation and microbiota dysbiosis in a sprague-dawley rat model of autism spectrum disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cerebellar Abnormalities: A Component of Autism Pathophysiology.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: advances in dietary intervention strategies based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Maternal autoimmune diseases and the risk of tics and Tourette's disorder in offspring: insights from Taiwan's real-world data.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- The role of interleukin-37 and interleukin-38 in the development and remission of autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive review of neuroinflammatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Correlation of biochemical markers and inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis-A Cross-Sectional Literature Review Emphasizing Molecular Aspects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Immunological Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of TNF-Alpha and Dependent Trends in Serum IL-6 and CXCL8.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Purinergic Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bridging the Gap between Cell-Based Strategies and Neuro-Immune Modulation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Review
- Gestational hypothyroxinemia induces ASD-like phenotypes in behavior, proinflammatory markers, and glutamatergic protein expression in mouse offspring of both sexes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Autism spectrum disorder and a possible role of anti-inflammatory treatments: experience in the pediatric allergy/immunology clinic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicles as carriers for noncoding RNA-based regulation of macrophage/microglia polarization: an emerging candidate regulator for lung and traumatic brain injuries.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Interaction of Heavy Metal Lead with Gut Microbiota: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Potential Role of Moesin in Regulating Mast Cell Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous collection of neurodevelopmental disorders, difficult to diagnose and currently lacking treatment options. The possibility of finding reliable biomarkers useful for early identification would offer the opportunity to intervene with treatment strategies to improve the life quality of ASD patients. To date, there are many recognized risk factors for the development of ASD, both genetic and non-genetic. Although genetic and epigenetic factors may play a critical role, the extent of their contribution to ASD risk is still under study. On the other hand, non-genetic risk factors include pollution, nutrition, infection, psychological states, and lifestyle, all together known as the exposome, which impacts the mother's and fetus's life, especially during pregnancy. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic maternal immune activation (MIA) and autoimmune diseases can cause various alterations in the fetal environment, also contributing to the etiology of ASD in offspring. Activation of monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and microglia and high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed the cause of neuroinflammation, and the latter is involved in ASD's onset and development. In this review, we focused on non-genetic risk factors, especially on the connection between inflammation, macrophage polarization and ASD syndrome, MIA, and the involvement of microglia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.