ReviewAmerican journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons2023
Milestones on the path to clinical pig organ xenotransplantation.
Review in American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Comparative Outcomes Analysis of NHP Liver Allotransplants and Xenotransplants.XenotransplantationPooled it
- VCAM-1-targeting peptide assemblies protect vascular endothelium and prolong cardiac xenograft survival.Science advances · 2026Article
- Xenotransplantation: lessons from history, genetic engineering, and early clinical experience-an interview with Dr. David K. C. Cooper.Frontiers in transplantation · 2026Article
- Review
- The CD40-CD154 axis in transplantation: from immunobiology to therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Towards curing type 1 diabetes: Prospects and challenges of allogeneic or xenogeneic donor islet cell transplantation.World journal of transplantation · 2025Review
- Hemolysis-induced hepatic ferroptosis following xenotransfusion of genetically modified pig red blood cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Xenotransplantation: Current Understanding of the Mechanism of Immune-Mediated Injury.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Emerging roles for complement in lung transplantation.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Complement Activation and Hemolysis in Non-human Primates Following Transfusion of Genetically Modified Pig Red Blood Cells.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2025Article
- Construction and validation of a predictive model for the acceptance of kidney xenotransplantation among patients awaiting kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional study from China.BMC medical ethics · 2025Article
- Designer Organs: Ethical Genetic Modifications in the Era of Machine Perfusion.Annual review of biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Green, Sustainable Nephrology: State of the Art Needs for Education and Implementation.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Review
- Research Progress on the Preparation and Application of Decellularized Tendons.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Characterizing coagulation responses in humans and nonhuman primates following kidney xenotransplantation-A narrative review.American journal of hematology · 2025Review
- Current Techniques of Gene Editing in Pigs for Xenotransplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Review
- Use of regulatory cells for achieving functional tolerance of pig heart xenotransplants in humans: a literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Cytotoxic Responses Mediated by NK Cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Xenotransplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Progress in pig organ xenotransplantation has been made largely through (1) genetic engineering of the organ-source pig to protect its tissues from the human innate immune response, and (2) development of an immunosuppressive regimen based on blockade of the CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway to prevent the adaptive immune response. In the 1980s, after transplantation into nonhuman primates (NHPs), wild-type (genetically unmodified) pig organs were rejected within minutes or hours. In the 1990s, organs from pigs expressing a human complement-regulatory protein (CD55) transplanted into NHPs receiving intensive conventional immunosuppressive therapy functioned for days or weeks. When costimulation blockade was introduced in 2000, the adaptive immune response was suppressed more readily. The identification of galactose-α1,3-galactose as the major antigen target for human and NHP anti-pig antibodies in 1991 allowed for deletion of expression of galactose-α1,3-galactose in 2003, extending pig graft survival for up to 6 months. Subsequent gene editing to overcome molecular incompatibilities between the pig and primate coagulation systems proved additionally beneficial. The identification of 2 further pig carbohydrate xenoantigens allowed the production of 'triple-knockout' pigs that are preferred for clinical organ transplantation. These combined advances enabled the first clinical pig heart transplant to be performed and opened the door to formal clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.