ArticleFrontiers in public health2023
Sex and gender aspects in diabetes mellitus: Focus on access to health care and cardiovascular outcomes.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Health Insurance Coverage on Diabetes Care Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in U.S. Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Trends in Potentially Avoidable Hospitalisations Among People With Diabetes in Ireland; 2015-2024.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Association Between Dietary Pattern and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Protocol for a Systematic Review.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on in-hospital outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A nationwide study in Germany.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- The paradox of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in women: gender differences.Journal of ultrasound · 2026Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease-Explained by the Brenner-Luyckx Concept of Hyperfiltration.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Applicability of Existing Gender Scores for German Clinical Research Data: Scoping Review and Data Mapping.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram prediction model for coronary heart disease in diabetic patients: a study based on the 2011-2020 NHANES database.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Gendered experience of people living with type 2 diabetes in rural and urban Mexico: an ethnographic study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need for Sex-Specific Precision Medicine in Diabetes Technology.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Article
- Health seeking behaviour and self-care among hypertensive and diabetics at risk of CKD in Buea, Cameroon.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
- Exploring electrocardiographic alterations and the prolongation of QT interval in patients with diabetes mellitus.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Global trends in burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to physical inactivity across 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Age at Diabetes Onset and Clinical Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Two-Center Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- Sex and gender affect immune aging.Frontiers in aging · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to elucidate whether sex and gender factors influence access to health care and/or are associated with cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) across different countries. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (8.4% of respondent reporting DM) and the European Health Interview Survey (7.3% of respondents reporting DM), were analyzed. Self-reported sex and a composite measure of socio-cultural gender was constructed (range: 0-1; higher score represent participants who reported more characteristics traditionally ascribed to women). For the purposes of analyses the Gender Inequality Index (GII) was used as a country level measure of institutionalized gender. Results: Canadian females with DM were more likely to undergo HbA1c monitoring compared to males (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01-1.58), while conversely in the European cohort females with DM were less likely to have their blood sugar measured compared to males (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99). A higher gender score in both cohorts was associated with less frequent diabetes monitoring. Additionally, independent of sex, higher gender scores were associated with higher prevalence of self-reported heart disease, stroke, and hospitalization in all countries albeit European countries with medium-high GII, conferred a higher risk of all outcomes and hospitalization rates than low GII countries. Conclusion: Regardless of sex, individuals with DM who reported characteristics typically ascribed to women and those living in countries with greater gender inequity for women exhibited poorer diabetes care and greater risk of CV outcomes and hospitalizations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.