ArticleArchives of gynecology and obstetrics2024
Association between foetal sex and adverse neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes.
Article in Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of fetal sex on neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Gardnerella enrichment in the vaginal microbiome of women with gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with lower fetal birthweight percentiles.Diabetologia · 2026Observational
- The influence of fetal sex on preterm birth risk in gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Fetal sex and the development of future type 2 diabetes: a 5-year cohort study.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Untreated women with first trimester fasting glycaemia 92-125 mg/dL and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the 24-28th week OGTT: prevalence and predictors.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- AI-based analysis of fetal growth restriction in a prospective obstetric cohort quantifies compound risks for perinatal morbidity and mortality and identifies previously unrecognized high risk clinical scenarios.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
- Clinical Significance of Pregnancies with Macrosomia (Birth Weight ≥ 4,000 g) Compared with Deliveries with Neonatal Birth Weight of 3,500-3,999 g.JMA journal · 2025Article
- Article
- The impact of fetal sex on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in twin gestation.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsFoetal male sex is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. However, studies evaluating the impact of foetal sex on perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) are scarce. We studied whether male new-born sex is associated with neonatal outcomes, in women with GDM.
methodsThis is a retrospective study based on the national Portuguese register of GDM. All women with live-born singleton pregnancies between 2012 and 2017 were eligible for study inclusion. Primary endpoints under analysis were neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal macrosomia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. We excluded women with missing data on the primary endpoint. Pregnancy data and neonatal outcomes between female and male new-borns were compared. Multivariate logistic regression models were built.
resultsWe studied 10,768 new-borns in mothers with GDM, 5635 (52.3%) male, 438 (4.1%) had neonatal hypoglycaemia, 406 (3.8%) were macrosomic, 671 (6.2%) had RDS, and 671 (6.2%) needed NICU admission. Male new-borns were more frequently small or large for gestational age. No differences were observed on maternal age, body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, anti-hyperglycaemic treatment, pregnancy complications or gestational age at delivery. In the multivariate regression analysis, male sex was independently associated with neonatal hypoglycaemia [OR 1.26 (IC 95%: 1.04-1.54), p = 0.02], neonatal macrosomia [1.94 (1.56-2.41), p < 0.001], NICU admission [1.29 (1.07-1.56), p = 0.009], and RDS [1.35 (1.05-1.73, p = 0.02].
conclusionsMale new-borns have an independent 26% higher risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia, 29% higher risk of NICU admission, 35% higher risk of RDS, and almost twofold higher risk of macrosomia, compared to female new-borns.
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