ReviewFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2023
The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Review in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory reprogramming of immature oligodendrocytes perturbs myelination and neurodevelopment in a dual-hit model of preterm brain injury.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Harnessing Regulatory T Cells to Modulate Acute Brain Injury: From Mechanisms to Therapy.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Roles and therapeutic prospects of the laminin family in disorders of the nervous system.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Natural Killer Cells: Dual Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathogenesis.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Targeting pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) reduces T cell pathogenicity in multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- T cell-targeted immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives from Traditional Chinese medicine.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review on Prevention and the Concept of an Infection-Driven Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- T cell-mediated immunodysregulation in multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic subsets to therapeutic advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Redefining multiple sclerosis therapy through microbial immunomodulation and epigenetic control.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Sez6L2 autoimmunity induces cerebellar ataxia in mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Microbiota-Derived SCFAs in Multiple Sclerosis: From Immune Priming to Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Liraglutide Attenuates Disease Severity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Modulating Splenic T Helper Cell Subsets.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Beyond the blood-brain barrier: unraveling T cell subsets in CNS immunity and disease.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Real-world effectiveness and safety of ofatumumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Insights from naïve and switch patients.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- MSCs engineered with secreted Klotho alleviate blood-brain barrier disruption and reduce neuroinflammation more effectively than MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Relevance of choroid plexus volumes in multiple sclerosis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially harmful agents and circulating immune cells. The immunosurveillance of the CNS is governed by immune cells that constantly patrol the BCSFB, whereas during neuroinflammatory disorders, both BBB and BCSFB undergo morphological and functional alterations, promoting leukocyte intravascular adhesion and transmigration from the blood circulation into the CNS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of neuroinflammatory disorders in which peripheral T helper (Th) lymphocytes, particularly Th1 and Th17 cells, infiltrate the CNS and contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Th1 and Th17 cells are considered key players in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. They can actively interact with CNS borders by complex adhesion mechanisms and secretion of a variety of molecules contributing to barrier dysfunction. In this review, we describe the molecular basis involved in the interactions between Th cells and CNS barriers and discuss the emerging roles of dura mater and arachnoid layer as neuroimmune interfaces contributing to the development of CNS inflammatory diseases.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.