ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
The Pathological Activation of Microglia Is Modulated by Sexually Dimorphic Pathways.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Differential effects of acute, chronic, and social defeat stress on microglial morphology in the basolateral and central amygdala, and the medial and lateral habenula.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Glial heterogeneity in the primate spinal cord: Implications of age and sex differences for neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Maternal High-Fat Diet Induces Sex- and Estrous Cycle-Specific Glial Dysregulation in the Peripheral Offspring Retina.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Neonatal estradiol influences regional gene expression for early sex-specific inflammatory responses in the 5xFAD mouse model.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Enigma of autism regression mechanistic pathways, clinical phenotypes, and early intervention implications.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Chronification of Pain.Pain and therapy · 2026Review
- Neuroglial Function and Hormonal Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Influence of Sex Hormones.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Neuroimmune Interactions in Neurodegeneration: The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Mapping the Ischemic Continuum: Dynamic Multi-Omic Biomarker and AI for Personalized Stroke Care.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Early life social isolation stress and pain vulnerability: unraveling neuroimmune mechanisms and central sensitization.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex hormone dysregulation after traumatic brain injury: interactions with sleep disturbances and seizure susceptibility.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Gene Therapy of Adrenomyeloneuropathy: Challenges, Target Cells, and Prospectives.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Neurosteroids Progesterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone: Molecular Mechanisms of Action in Neuroprotection and Neuroinflammation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sexual Dimorphism in Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia Following Parkinson's Disease: Uncharted Territory.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Review
- Exploring the role of sex hormones and gender diversity in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Article
- Editorial: Neuro-immune interplay: unraveling the complexities of neurological complications and immunology.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sex Dependent Disparities in the Central Innate Immune Response after Moderate Spinal Cord Contusion in Rat.Cells · 2024Article
- Common cytokine receptor gamma chain family cytokines activate MAPK, PI3K, and JAK/STAT pathways in microglia to influence Alzheimer's Disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Their ability to survey, assess and respond to perturbations in their local environment is critical in their role of maintaining CNS homeostasis in health and disease. Microglia also have the capability of functioning in a heterogeneous manner depending on the nature of their local cues, as they can become activated on a spectrum from pro-inflammatory neurotoxic responses to anti-inflammatory protective responses. This review seeks to define the developmental and environmental cues that support microglial polarization towards these phenotypes, as well as discuss sexually dimorphic factors that can influence this process. Further, we describe a variety of CNS disorders including autoimmune disease, infection, and cancer that demonstrate disparities in disease severity or diagnosis rates between males and females, and posit that microglial sexual dimorphism underlies these differences. Understanding the mechanism behind differential CNS disease outcomes between men and women is crucial in the development of more effective targeted therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.