ArticleInternational health2024
Does women's empowerment and socio-economic status predict adequacy of antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa?
Article in International health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Women's empowerment measurements in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Article
- From missed visits to missed tests: determinants of antenatal care non-attendance and mother-to-child HIV transmission risk among pregnant women in Tanzania: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A qualitative study to explore women's perceptions of pregnancy and antenatal care in Chizenga village, Chikwawa, Malawi.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Compliance with WHO-recommended ≥8 antenatal contacts and associated factors among women at primary health facilities in Mbarara district, Uganda.SAGE open medicine · 2026Article
- Determinants of complete antenatal care in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 28 countries.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Assessing the joint effects of education, economic status, empowerment, and employment (4Es) disparities on the co-coverage of maternal, newborn and child health care services in sub-Saharan Africa: an application of the intersectionality approach.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Cohabitation in sub-Saharan Africa: Does women empowerment matter? Insights from the demographic and health survey.PloS one · 2025Article
- Demographic and economic inequality of antenatal care coverage in 4 African countries with a high maternal mortality rate.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundQuality and adequate antenatal care (ANC) are key strategies necessary to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.1. However, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a paucity of evidence on the role women's empowerment and socio-economic status play in ANC attendance. This study aimed to examine whether women's empowerment and socio-economic status predict the adequacy of ANC in SSA.
methodsData from the recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) of 10 countries in SSA were used for the study. We included countries with a survey dataset compiled between 2018 and 2020. We included 57 265 women with complete observations on variables of interest in the study. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the results of the coverage of adequate ANC services across the 10 countries. A multivariable binary multilevel regression analysis was employed to examine the association between women's empowerment and socio-economic status indicators and the adequacy of ANC. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to present the findings of the regression analysis.
resultsThe average prevalence of adequate ANC in SSA was 10.4%. This ranged from 0.2% in Rwanda to 24.5% in Liberia. Women with medium (aOR 1.24 [CI 1.10 to 1.40]) and high (aOR 1.24 [CI 1.07 to 1.43]) decision-making power had higher odds of adequate ANC compared to those with low decision-making power. Women with higher levels of education (aOR 1.63 [CI 1.36 to 1.95]) as well as partners with higher education levels (aOR 1.34 [CI 1.14 to 1.56]) had the highest odds of adequate ANC compared to those with no formal education. Additionally, those working (aOR 1.35 [95% CI 1.23 to 1.49]) and those in the richest wealth category (aOR 2.29 [CI 1.90 to 2.76]) had higher odds of adequate ANC compared to those who are not working and those in the poorest wealth category. Those with high justification of violence against women (aOR 0.84 [CI 0.73 to 0.97]) had lower odds of adequate ANC compared to those with low justification of violence against women.
conclusionsAdequacy of ANC was low across all 10 countries we included in this study. It is evident from the study that women's empowerment and socio-economic status significantly predicted the adequacy of ANC. As such, promoting women's empowerment programs without intensive improvements in women's socio-economic status would yield ineffective results. However, when women's empowerment programs are combined with active improvements in socio-economic status, then women will be encouraged to seek adequate ANC.
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