Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36919170›Full record

ArticlePeerJ2023

Reporting and interpreting non-significant results in animal cognition research.

Benjamin G Farrar, Alizée Vernouillet, Elias Garcia-Pelegrin, Edward W Legg, Katharina F Brecht, Poppy J Lambert, Mahmoud Elsherif, Shannon Francis, Laurie O'Neill, Nicola S Clayton and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in PeerJ, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Can I trust this paper?Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025
    Review
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Benjamin G FarrarDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Alizée VernouilletDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
Elias Garcia-PelegrinDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Edward W LeggDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
Katharina F BrechtInstitute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Poppy J LambertMesserli Research Insititute, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Mahmoud ElsherifDepartment of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Shannon FrancisComparative Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
Laurie O'NeillComparative Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
Nicola S ClaytonDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Ljerka OstojićDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/M011194/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

How statistically non-significant results are reported and interpreted following null hypothesis significance testing is often criticized. This issue is important for animal cognition research because studies in the field are often underpowered to detect theoretically meaningful effect sizes,

Indexed as

Animal ExperimentationResearch DesignAnimalsCognitionAnimal behaviorAnimal cognitionNegative resultsNon-significant resultsNull hypothesis significance testingStatistical inferences

Identifiers

PMID36919170
PMCPMC10008313

What Socratic holds

Textfull text, public
LicenceCC BY
measurements read70
reference markers read33
identifiers read11
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.