ArticleCureus2023
Racial Disparities in Patients With COVID-19 Infection: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities and the National Burden of COVID-19 on Inpatient Hospitalizations: A Retrospective Study in the United States in the Year 2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Observational
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Invasive Ventilation for Bacterial Pneumonia in the United States.Respiratory care · 2025Article
- Race and Ethnicity Disparities in Management and Outcomes of Critically Ill Adults with Acute Respiratory Failure.Critical care clinics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Evidence suggests the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic highlighted well-known healthcare disparities. This study investigated racial disparities in patients with COVID-19-related hospitalizations utilizing the US (United States) National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Methodology This was a retrospective study conducted utilizing the NIS 2020 database. The NIS was searched for hospitalization of adult patients with COVID-19 infection as a principal diagnosis using ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) codes. We divided the NIS into four major racial/ethnic groups: White, Black, Hispanic, and others. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality, and the secondary outcomes were the mean length of stay, mean total hospital charges, development of sepsis, septic shock, use of vasopressors, acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney failure, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, and need for mechanical ventilation. Results Compared to White patients, Hispanic patients had higher adjusted inpatient mortality odds (aOR [adjusted odds ratio]: 1.25, 95% CI 1.19-1.33, p<0.001); however, Black patients had similar adjusted mortality odds (aOR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.91-1.01, p=0.212). Black patients and Hispanic patients had a higher mean length of stay (8.01 vs 7.13 days, p<0.001 and 7.67 vs 7.13 days, p<0.001, respectively), adjusted odds of cardiac arrest (aOR: 1.53, 95% CI 1.37-1.71, p<0.001 and aOR: 1.73, 95% CI 1.54-1.94, p<0.001), septic shock (aOR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.13-1.33, p<0.001 and aOR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.73-2.04, p<0.001), and vasopressor use (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI 1.14 - 1.53, p<0.001 and aOR: 1.87, 95% CI 1.62 - 2.16, p<0.001). Conclusion Our study showed that Black and Hispanic patients are at higher risk of adverse outcomes compared to White patients admitted with COVID-19 infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.