ArticleAddictive behaviors2023
Cannabis retailer marketing strategies and regulatory compliance: A surveillance study of retailers in 5 US cities.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The prevalence of cannabidiol (CBD) use in North America and Europe: A meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Cannabis retailers' marketing practices and compliance with state regulations: a 2025 point-of-sale audit in 5 U.S. cities.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Mystery shopper assessments of cannabis retailer practices and regulatory compliance in five U.S. states, 2025.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Emergency department use by individuals with and without psychosis after state-level cannabis legalization and commercialization.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Impact of Simple Versus Complex Cannabis Advertising Messages and Warnings on US Young Adults' Product Perceptions.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- CBD, cannabis, or both? Examining use patterns and associated factors among U.S. youth and adults.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Stress in Relation to Mental Health Symptoms and the Moderating Role of Perceived Stress in US Young Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Noncompliance with laws to prevent polysubstance misuse: Recreational cannabis sales to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- Centering Individuals With Mental Illness as an At-Risk Group in the Era of Cannabis Legalization and Commercialization.Clinical therapeutics · 2026Article
- Cannabis Marketing Restrictions and Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Legal US Cannabis Markets: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence Approximates Human Affect Ratings of Cannabis Images.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The gateway effect of cigarette, e-cigarette, cigar, and alcohol use vs. Cannabis use.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Developing an online cannabis store paradigm for Cannabis Regulatory Science.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Young Adults' Experiences with Cannabis Retailer Marketing and Related Practices: Differences Among Sociodemographic Groups and Associations with Cannabis Use-related Outcomes.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- State Nonmedical Cannabis Laws and U.S. Young Adults' Cannabis-Related Experiences.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Association of Recreational Cannabis Legalization with Frequency of Using Cannabis for Sleep.Journal of psychoactive drugs · 2025Article
- Cannabis Access by Retailer Type in New York.Pediatrics · 2025Article
- How are pro- and anti-cannabis messaging exposures related to US young adult cannabis use-related factors?Health education research · 2025Article
- A Narrative Review of Research on Cannabis Advertising in the United States.Current addiction reports · 2025Review
- Developing a Mock Retail Cannabis Shop for Research: A Description of The CANNEX.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
As cannabis retail expands in the US, its surveillance is crucial to inform regulations and protect consumers. This study addresses this need by conducting point-of-sale audits examining regulatory compliance (e.g., age verification, signage), advertising/promotional strategies, products, and pricing among 150 randomly-selected cannabis retailers in 5 US cities (30/city: Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California) in Summer 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized the retailers overall and across cities. Age verification rates were high (>90%). The majority of retailers had signage indicating restricted access (e.g., no minors; 87.3%), onsite consumption (73.3%), and distribution to minors (53.3%). Retailers were likely to post warnings regarding use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (72.0%), followed by health risks (38.0%), impacts on children/youth (18.7%), and DUI (14.0%). Overall, 28.7% posted health claims, 20.7% posted youth-oriented signage, and 18.0% had youth-oriented packaging. Price promotions were prevalent, particularly price specials (75.3%), daily/weekly/monthly specials (66.7%), and membership programs (39.3%). One-fourth had signs/promotions indicating curbside delivery/pick-up (28.0%) and/or online ordering (25.3%); 64.7% promoted their website or social media page. The most potent cannabis products were most often e-liquids (38.0%) or oils (24.7%); the least potent were often edibles (53.0%). The most expensive product was often bud/flower (58.0%); the least was joints (54.0%). The vast majority (≥81%) sold vaporizers, wrapping papers, and hookah/waterpipes/bongs, and 22.6% sold CBD products. Marketing strategies differed across cities, reflecting differences in state-specific regulations and/or gaps in compliance/enforcement. Findings underscore the need for ongoing cannabis retail surveillance to inform future regulatory and enforcement efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.