SynthesisSleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung2023
Worldwide prevalence and associated risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Synthesis in Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Surrogate, Intermediate, and Functional Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of obstructive sleep apnea among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Health-related quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnea - a systematic review update assessing the quality of measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Pooled it
- The impact of using electromyographic biofeedback on pelvic floor rehabilitation in men with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Pooled it
- Otoprotective effect of the use of antioxidants on noise exposure in experimental studies with rodents - A systematic review with meta-analysis.Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngologyPooled it
- Association between ln(FPG/HDL-C) × BMI and self-reported obstructive sleep apnea: A cross-sectional study using NHANES data.Medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of positive aldosterone-to-renin ratio screening in obese hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a Southeast Asian cross-sectional study.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Long-term CPAP adherence in elderly patients after ambulatory initiation.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Article
- Smartwatch-based detection of moderate-to-severe and high-risk obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Observational
- The Case for Incorporating Sleep Medicine Education into Psychiatric Training.Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Pharyngeal Resistance Index-A Promising Diagnostic Tool in OSA.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Targeting Hypoglossal Neurobiology in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Emergence of Aroxybutynin-Atomoxetine (AD109).Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Morning Headaches as a Specific Obstructive Sleep Apnea Characteristic in a Large Sleep Clinic Population.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tooth loss as a factor associated with deterioration of quality and increase in sleep duration: analysis of the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- The Role of Lung Volume, Age, and Body Mass Index in Determining Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Development and internal validation of a prediction model for sleep apnea syndrome treated with continuous positive airway pressure based on claims and health checkup data linked to personal health records.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Article
- Clinical Insights Regarding Oral Health Among Untreated and Positive Airway Pressure Treated Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2024).World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026Article
- Influence of Ancestry and Molecular Markers on the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Review
- Is obstructive sleep apnea a driver of cancer and chronic disease risk? A real-world analysis of over 3 million patients.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to identify the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and associated risk factors globally.
methodsSix databases and registrations and three grey databases were explored for observational field research. Independently and impartially paired reviewers selected research, gathered data, and evaluated the methodological quality. Heterogeneity was investigated using subgroup analysis and meta-regression following the moderating variable in a meta-analysis of proportions with a random-effects model. The critical appraisal instrument developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute was used to evaluate the listed studies' methodology. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE tool.
resultsA total of 8236 articles were collected during the database search, resulting in 99 articles included for qualitative synthesis, and 98 articles were included for the meta-analysis. The estimated combined prevalence of OSA was 54% [CI 95% = 46-62%; I2 = 100%]. Mean age, percentage of moderate-severe cases, and the sample's body mass index (BMI) did not affect the heterogeneity that was already present when meta-regressed (p > 0.05). Ninety-one studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias, while eight were deemed to have a moderate risk. For OSA prevalence outcomes, the GRADE criteria were considered very low.
conclusionApproximately half of the people worldwide have OSA. High BMI, increasing age, and male gender are described as risk factors in the literature, but these covariates do not affect pre-existing heterogeneity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
36971971What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.