ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Exploring the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes-A Comprehensive Review.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Yoga interventions and randomized controlled trials: key issues and the centered impact on sedentary lifestyle-associated cardiometabolic disorders.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting the angiopoietin-like protein 3/8 complex with a monoclonal antibody in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Article
- Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Weight Perception and Cardiometabolic Health Among Adolescents Followed Into Emerging Adulthood.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Estimation of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: findings from a nationwide prospective cohort.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- LDL-C lowering in patients treated with bempedoic acid in a real-world cohort.Atherosclerosis plus · 2026Article
- Non-HDL Cholesterol and Residual Cardiometabolic Risk in Middle Eastern Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of short-term exercise on plasma metabolic and lipidomic profiles of individuals with type 2 diabetes.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Small dense LDL: An underestimated driver of atherosclerosis (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Article
- A Call for Use of Lipid Fractionation Studies in Patients With Abnormal Standard Lipid Profiles.JCEM case reports · 2025Article
- Review
- The Role of Paraoxonase-1 Activity, Apolipoprotein B Levels, and Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio as Risk Markers for Aortic Stenosis in Patients with a Bicuspid Aortic Valve.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Tone in Exercising Pediatric Populations: A Comprehensive Overview on Endothelial, Antioxidative, Metabolic and Lipoprotein Signaling Molecules.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Alterations of lipoprotein subfractions in GH-deficient adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- LDL atherogenicity determined by size, density, oxidation, apolipoprotein(a), and electronegativity: an updated review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- The Role of Lipids in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Molecular Biology Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Relationship between LDL-cholesterol, small and dense LDL particles, and mRNA expression in a cohort of African Americans.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts hundreds of millions of people each year and is the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its most frequent form of manifestation. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have already been established as a significant cardiovascular risk factor, but more recent studies have shown that small, dense LDLs are the ones more frequently associated with a higher overall risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ever since atherogenic phenotypes were defined for the first time, LDL subfractions have been continuously analyzed in order to identify those with a higher atherogenic profile that could further become not only high-accuracy, effective prognostic biomarkers, but also treatment targets for novel lipid-lowering molecules. This review sets out to comprehensively evaluate the association between various LDL-subfractions and the risk of further developing major adverse cardiovascular events, by assessing both genetical and clinical features and focusing on their physiopathological characteristics, chemical composition, and global ability to predict long-term cardiovascular risk within the general population. Further research is required in order to establish the most beneficial range of LDL-C levels for both primary and secondary prevention, as well as to implement LDL subfraction testing as a routine protocol, separately from the general assessment of the other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.