Trial reportBMJ paediatrics open2023
Limited caffeine consumption as first-line treatment in managing primary monosymptomatic enuresis in children: how effective is it? A randomised clinical trial.
Trial report in BMJ paediatrics open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between mental health problems and nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents in Ethiopia.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Association between joint hypermobility and primary nocturnal enuresis: a cross-sectional study in children aged 6-13 years.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Is There a Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Primary Monosymptomatic Enuresis Nocturna?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Adapting power calculations to include a superiority margin: what are the implications?Biochemia medica · 2024Review
- Improving the quality of life of children and parents with nocturnal enuresis: the role of health education.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Modern management of pediatric nocturnal enuresis: Evidence-based treatment and practical guidance.Tzu chi medical journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveEvidence about the negative caffeine effect on enuresis in children remains understudied or poorly understood. The study aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine restriction on the improvement and severity of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE).
designRandomised clinical trial.
settingTwo referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from 2021 to 2023. PATIENTS: Five hundred and thirty-four PMNE children aged 6-15 years (each group 267).
interventionsAmount of caffeine consumption was recorded by the feed frequency questionnaire and was estimated by Nutrition 4 software. Caffeine consumption per day in the intervention group was <30 mg, and in the control group, 80-110 mg. All children were asked to return 1 month later to check the recorded data. The ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to assay the effects of caffeine restriction on PMNE by relative risk (RR) at a 95% CI.
main outcome measuresThe effect of limited caffeine consumption on the improvement and severity of PMNE.
resultsThe mean age of the intervention and control groups was 10.9±2.3 and 10.5±2.5 years, respectively. The mean number of bed-wetting before caffeine restriction in the intervention and control group was 3.5 (SD 1.7) times/week and 3.4 (SD 1.9) times/week (p=0.91) and 1 month after intervention were 2.3 (SD 1.8) times/week and 3.2 (SD 1.9) times/week, respectively (p=0.001). Caffeine restriction significantly reduced the severity of enuresis in the intervention group. Fifty-four children (20.2%) improved (dry at night) in caffeine restriction and 18 children (6.7%) in the control group with RR 0.615 at 95% CI 0.521 to 0.726, p=0.001. The caffeine restriction significantly reduced the enuresis in children with a number-needed-to-treat benefit 7.417. It means you must treat 7.417 PMNE children with caffeine limitation to improve one child with enuresis (become dry).
conclusionCaffeine restriction can be helpful in reducing PMNE or its severity. Constructive limitation of caffeine is suggested as one of the first-line treatments in the management of PMNE. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT20180401039167N3.
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