SynthesisBMC public health2023
Global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Incidence, severity, risk factors and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections during the Omicron period: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of hybrid immunity to mitigate the risk of Omicron variant reinfection.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19-Related Healthcare Resource Utilisation and Costs in Paediatric Patients in Germany: A Population-Based Study.Advances in therapy · 2025Article
- Kalman Filter-Based Epidemiological Model for Post-COVID-19 Era Surveillance and Prediction.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 reinfection in Hong Kong: a retrospective cohort study.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Comparison of Phenotypes of Headaches After COVID-19 Vaccinations Differentiated According to the Vaccine Used.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Assessing the Economic Benefit of Mass COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Iran: A Real-World Modeling Study.International journal of health policy and management · 2025Article
- Article
- Post-acute sequelae of hospitalised COVID-19 re-infection compared with hospitalised first-time infection: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Hong Kong.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Distinct characteristics of T cell receptor repertoire associated with the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A bivalent Delta/BA.5 mRNA vaccine elicits broad immune responses against various lineages of SARS-CoV-2 including JN.1.Virologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab: A Target Trial Emulation Study.Drug safety · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Insights from an N3C RECOVER EHR-based cohort study characterizing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and Long COVID.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Factors influencing Thai university students' decisions to take COVID-19 vaccine booster doses: a cross-sectional survey.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- A mini review of reinfection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.Health science reports · 2024Article
- High vaccination coverage and infection rate result in a robust SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in the majority of liver cirrhosis and transplant patients: A single-center cross-sectional study.United European gastroenterology journal · 2024Article
- Evaluating the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron or Delta variant in Wales, UK.PloS one · 2024Article
- Comparative outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 primary and reinfection in older adult patients.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged with a high transmissibility rate and resulted in numerous negative impacts on global life. Preventive measures such as face masks, social distancing, and vaccination helped control the pandemic. Nonetheless, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Omega and Delta, as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinfection, raise additional concerns. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of reinfection on global and regional scales.
methodsA systematic search was conducted across three databases, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest Central, including all articles pertaining to COVID-19 reinfection without language restriction. After critical appraisal and qualitative synthesis of the identified relevant articles, a meta-analysis considering random effects was used to pool the studies.
resultsWe included 52 studies conducted between 2019 and 2022, with a total sample size of 3,623,655 patients. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 reinfection was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7-4.8%; n = 52), with high heterogeneity between studies. Africa had the highest prevalence of 4.7% (95% CI: 1.9-7.5%; n = 3), whereas Oceania and America had lower estimates of 0.3% (95% CI: 0.2-0.4%; n = 1) and 1% (95% CI: 0.8-1.3%; n = 7), respectively. The prevalence of reinfection in Europe and Asia was 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8-1.5%; n = 8) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.4-4.3%; n = 43), respectively. Studies that used a combined type of specimen had the highest prevalence of 7.6% (95% CI: 5.8-9.5%; n = 15) compared with those that used oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs only that had lower estimates of 6.7% (95% CI: 4.8-8.5%; n = 8), and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.8-4.0%; n = 12) respectively.
conclusionCOVID-19 reinfection occurs with varying prevalence worldwide, with the highest occurring in Africa. Therefore, preventive measures, including vaccination, should be emphasized to ensure control of the pandemic.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.