ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2023
Greater Gestational Vitamin D Status is Associated with Reduced Childhood Behavioral Problems in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory status and behavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.BMC pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Does gestational vitamin D attenuate the negative effects of prenatal depression on offspring emotional and behavioral problems? Findings in the ECHO cohort.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Maternal Mushroom Consumption During Pregnancy Is Associated With Decreased Risk of Peer Problems and Decreased Risk of Low Prosocial Behavior in 5-Year-Olds.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2026Article
- Child Developmental Patterns by Age 4 Years Across Subtypes of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 12 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D deficiency is common in pregnancy. Vitamin D plays an important role in the developing brain, and deficiency may impair childhood behavioral development.
objectivesThis study examined the relationship between gestational 25(OH)D concentrations and childhood behavior in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.
methodsMother-child dyads from ECHO cohorts with data available on prenatal (first trimester through delivery) or cord blood 25(OH)D and childhood behavioral outcomes were included. Behavior was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist, and data were harmonized using a crosswalk conversion. Linear mixed-effects models examined associations of 25(OH)D with total, internalizing, and externalizing problem scores while adjusting for important confounders, including age, sex, and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. The effect modification by maternal race was also assessed.
resultsEarly (1.5-5 y) and middle childhood (6-13 y) outcomes were examined in 1688 and 1480 dyads, respectively. Approximately 45% were vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL], with Black women overrepresented in this group. In fully adjusted models, 25(OH)D concentrations in prenatal or cord blood were negatively associated with externalizing behavior T-scores in middle childhood [-0.73 (95% CI: -1.36, -0.10) per 10 ng/mL increase in gestational 25(OH)D]. We found no evidence of effect modification by race. In a sensitivity analysis restricted to those with 25(OH)D assessed in prenatal maternal samples, 25(OH)D was negatively associated with externalizing and total behavioral problems in early childhood.
conclusionsThis study confirmed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy, particularly among Black women, and revealed evidence of an association between lower gestational 25(OH)D and childhood behavioral problems. Associations were more apparent in analyses restricted to prenatal rather than cord blood samples. Interventions to correct vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy should be explored as a strategy to improve childhood behavioral outcomes.
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